Xa sithetha nge-astronomy, inkqubo yelanga kunye neeplanethi, sihlala sithetha nge-orbit. Nangona kunjalo, ayinguye wonke umntu owaziyo yintoni i-orbit, ibaluleke kangakanani kwaye ziphi iimpawu zayo. Kunokuthiwa ngendlela elula ukuba i-orbit yindlela ekhokelela kwindalo esesibhakabhakeni.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-orbit, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.
yintoni i-orbit
Kwifiziksi, i-orbit yindlela echazwe yinto enye ejikeleze enye, kwaye ijikeleza loo ndlela phantsi kwesenzo sombutho ophakathi, njengamandla omxhuzulane womzimba wasezulwini. Le yindlela elandelwa yinto xa ijikeleza kumbindi womxhuzulane etsalwa kuwo, ekuqaleni ngaphandle kokuwuchaphazela, kodwa ingabi kude kwaphela kuwo.
Ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX (xa uJohannes Kepler noIsaac Newton baqulunqa imithetho esisiseko yefiziksi ebalawulayo), ii-orbits beziyingcamango ebalulekileyo ekuqondeni intshukumo yendalo iphela, ngakumbi ngokuphathelele kwimichiza yesibhakabhaka kunye ne-suabatomic.
Iindlela zokujikeleza zinokuba neemilo ezahlukeneyo, ielliptical, isetyhula okanye ubude, kwaye inokuba yiparabolic (imile njenge-parabola) okanye i-hyperbolic (emile njenge-hyperbola). Nokuba, i-orbit nganye iqulethe ezi zinto zilandelayo ze-Kepler ezintandathu:
- Ukuthambekela kwendiza ye-orbital, eboniswa ngumqondiso u-i.
- Ubude bendawo enyukayo, echazwe kwisimboli Ω.
- I-eccentricity okanye iqondo lokutenxa ukusuka kwisangqa, eboniswa luphawu u-e.
- I-axis esemimajor, okanye isiqingatha sowona dayamitha mde, iboniswa ngophawu a.
- I-perihelion okanye i-perihelion parameter, i-engile esuka kwi-node enyukayo ukuya kwi-perihelion, echazwe ngesimboli ω.
- Intsingiselo engaqhelekanga ye-epoch, okanye iqhezu lexesha elidlulileyo le-orbital, kwaye ibonakaliswe njenge-engile, eboniswa sisimboli uM0.
Iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka
Iimpawu eziphambili ezinokubonwa kwi-orbit zezi zilandelayo:
- Zineemilo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa zonke zi-oval, into ethetha ukuba zimile okweqanda.
- Kwimeko yeeplanethi, ii-orbits ziphantse zibe setyhula.
- Kwi-orbit, ungafumana izinto ezahlukeneyo ezifana iinyanga, iiplanethi, iiasteroids kunye nezinye izixhobo ezenziwe ngumntu.
- Kuyo, izinto zinokujikeleza enye kwenye ngenxa yomxhuzulane.
- Yonke i-orbit ekhoyo ine-eccentricity yayo, eyisixa apho indlela ye-orbit yahluke ngayo kwisangqa esigqibeleleyo.
- Zinezinto ezininzi ezibalulekileyo ezahlukeneyo, ezifana ukuthambekela, ukucaca, ukuthetha okungaqhelekanga, i-nodal longitude kunye ne-perihelion parameters.
Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-orbit kukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zesathelayithi zinokubekwa kuyo, ezijongene nokujonga umhlaba, nto leyo ekwabalulekile kwangaxeshanye ukufumana iimpendulo kunye nokuqwalaselwa okuchanekileyo malunga nemozulu, ulwandle, umoya kunye nemozulu. nangaphakathi emhlabeni. Umhlaba. Kwakhona iisathelayithi zinokunikela inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ngezinto ezithile ezenziwa ngabantu, njengokugawulwa kwamahlathi, kwanemeko yemozulu, njengokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle, ukhukuliseko nokungcoliswa kwemekobume yesi sijikelezi-langa.
i-orbit kwi-chemistry
Kwimichiza, sithetha ngee-orbits ze-electron ezijikelezayo kwi-nucleus ngenxa yeentlawulo ezahlukeneyo ze-electromagnetic ezinazo (ii-electron zihlawuliswa kakubi, iproton kunye ne-nuclei ye-neutron ihlawuliswa ngokufanelekileyo). Ezi electron azinazo iindlela ezicacileyo, kodwa zihlala zichazwa njengee-orbitals ezibizwa ngokuba yi-atomic orbitals, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bamandla abanawo.
I-orbital nganye yeathom imelwe linani kunye nonobumba. Amanani (1, 2, 3… ukuya ku-7) abonisa inqanaba lamandla apho i-particle ihamba khona, ngelixa oonobumba (s, p, d kunye no-f) bebonisa ubume be-orbit.
Ububanzi
Endaweni yesangqa, i-elliptical orbit izoba iellipse, isangqa esicaba, esinde. Lo mfanekiso, i-ellipse, uneefoci ezimbini, ziphi ii-eks ezisembindini zeesangqa ezibini eziyenzayo; ngaphezu koko, olu hlobo lwe-orbit lune-eccentricity enkulu kuno-zero nangaphantsi kwenye (0 ilingana nesetyhula, u-1 ulingana ne-parabolic orbit).
Nganye i-elliptical orbit inamanqaku amabini aphawulekayo:
- Okulandelayo. Inqaku kwindlela ye-orbit (kwenye yeefoci ezimbini) ekufutshane nomzimba ophakathi ojikeleze i-orbit.
- Ngokubhekele phaya. Inqaku kwindlela ye-orbital (kwenye ye-foci ezimbini) ekude kakhulu nomthamo ophakathi we-orbit ecwangcisiweyo.
Inkqubo yokujikeleza kwelanga
Njengoninzi lweenkqubo zeplanethi, ii-orbits ezichazwe ziinkwenkwezi zeSolar System zingaphezulu okanye zincinci. Embindini kukho inkwenkwezi yenkqubo, ilanga lethu, elitsalwa ngumxhuzulane lihambisa izijikelezi-langa kunye neenkwenkwezi ngokwazo. I-Parabolic okanye i-hyperbolic orbits ejikeleze ilanga ayinanxibelelwano ngqo inkwenkwezi. Kwelabo icala, iisathelayithi zeplanethi nganye nazo zilandelela umjikelo weplanethi nganye, njengoko iNyanga isenza ngoMhlaba.
Nangona kunjalo, iinkwenkwezi zikwatsala enye kwenye, idala ukuphazamisana komxhuzulane okubangela ukuba ukucaca kwemijikelo yazo yahluke ngokwexesha kunye enye kwenye. Umzekelo, iMercury yiplanethi eneyona orbit i-eccentric, mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba ikufutshane nelanga, kodwa IMars ikwindawo yesibini, kude nelanga. Kwelinye icala, ii-orbits zeVenus kunye neNeptune zezona zineeccentric.
ukujikeleza komhlaba
Umhlaba, njengabamelwane bawo, ujikeleza ilanga kwi-elliptical orbit, ethatha malunga neentsuku ezingama-365 (ngonyaka), esiyibiza ngokuba yintshukumo yokuguqulela. Oku kufuduswa kwenzeka malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-67.000 ngeyure.
Ngeli xesha, kukho ii-orbits ezine ezinokwenzeka emhlabeni jikelele, njengesathelayithi ezenziweyo:
- Baja (LEO). Iikhilomitha ezingama-200 ukuya kuma-2.000 ukusuka kumphezulu weplanethi.
- Ithetha (OEM). Iikhilomitha ezingama-2.000 ukuya kuma-35.786 ukusuka kumphezulu weplanethi.
- Phezulu (HEO). Iikhilomitha ezingama-35.786 ukuya kuma-40.000 ukusuka kumphezulu wesi sijikelezi-langa.
- I-Geostationary (GEO). Iikhilomitha ezingama-35.786 ukusuka kumphezulu weplanethi. Le yi-orbit edityaniswa ne-ikhweyitha yoMhlaba, ene-zero eccentricity, kunye nomntu obukeleyo osemhlabeni, into ibonakala imile esibhakabhakeni.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-orbit kunye neempawu zayo.