Xa sithetha ngendalo yonke, iiplanethi kunye neenkwenkwezi, sihlala sithetha nge-astronomy. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi kakuhle yintoni i-astronomyUfunda ntoni kwaye ugxile entwenini? Kwakhona, baninzi abantu ababhidanisa inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi nokuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi yaye kukho umahluko ophawulekayo.
Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele ukuba yintoni i-astronomy, iimpawu zayo kunye nokuba ifunda ntoni.
yintoni i-astronomy
I-Astronomy yaziwa njengenzululwazi enikezelwe kuphononongo lwezidalwa zasezulwini zendalo iphela: iinkwenkwezi, iiplanethi, iinyanga, iikhomethi, iimeteorite, iminyele kunye nayo yonke into ephakathi kweenkwenkwezi, kunye nokusebenzisana kwazo kunye nokuhamba.
Yinzululwazi yamandulo ngokuba isibhakabhaka neemfihlelo zaso sezezinye zezinto zokuqala ezingaziwayo, awathi umntu wacinga ngazo; ukunika iimpendulo zasentsomini okanye ezenkolo kwiimeko ezininzi. Ikwayenye yeesayensi ezimbalwa ezivumela abalandeli bayo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba.
Kwakhona, i-astronomy ayikho nje isayensi ngokwayo, kodwa ihamba nezinye iinkalo zolwazi kunye nolunye uqeqesho, njengokuhamba-ingakumbi ngokungabikho kweemephu kunye nekhampasi - kunye ne-physics yakutshanje, ukuqonda kwayo imithetho esisiseko. Ukuqonda Indalo Ukuqwalasela indlela indalo esebenza ngayo kuye kwangqineka kuxabiseke kakhulu yaye kuxabiseke ngendlela engenakuthelekiswa nanto.
Siyabulela kwinzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi, uluntu lufezekise ezona ziganeko zibalaseleyo zenzululwazi nezobuchwepheshe kumaxesha anamhlanje, njengokuhamba phakathi kweenkwenkwezi, ukubeka uMhlaba kwiMilky Way, okanye uphononongo oluneenkcukacha lweatmosphere kunye nemiphezulu yeenkqubo zeplanethi. , xa ingekho kwiinkqubo iminyaka emininzi yokukhanya ukusuka kwiplanethi yethu.
Historia
I-Astronomy yenye yezona nzululwazi zakudala zoluntu, ekubeni iinkwenkwezi kunye nezidalwa ezisesibhakabhakeni ziye zathimba ingqalelo kunye nomdla wazo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo. Abaphengululi abakhulu beli nqaku yayiziifilosofi zamandulo ezifana noAristotle, uThales waseMileto, uAnaxagoras, uAristarchus waseSamos okanye uIpaco waseNicea, izazinzulu ezifana noNicolás Copernicus, uTycho Brahe, uJohannes Kepler, uGalileo Galilei noEdmund Halley, okanye iingcali zanamhlanje ezifana UStephen Hawkins.
Abantu bamandulo bahlolisisa isibhakabhaka, inyanga nelanga ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi AmaGrike amandulo ayesazi ukuba umhlaba ungqukuva, kodwa ayekholelwa ukuba iinkwenkwezi zijikeleza umhlaba, kungekhona ngenye indlela. Oku kwaqhubeka de kwasekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi eYurophu, xa iMvukelo yezeNzululwazi yathandabuza iziseko zendalo yonke ezaziqheliselwa kuzo iinkonzo ezininzi.
Kamva, kwasekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX, ubugcisa obutsha obuphambili obufumaneka eluntwini bukhokelele ekuqondeni ngakumbi kokukhanya, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekuqondweni okukhulu kweendlela zokujonga iteleskopu, nto leyo ekhokelele ekuqondweni okutsha kwendalo iphela nezinto zayo eziyilwayo.
amasebe e-astronomy
I-Astrophysics isebenzisa iifomyula zemathematika ukuchaza iimpawu kunye neziganeko zendalo yasezulwini.
I-Astronomy ibandakanya la masebe alandelayo okanye iindawo ezincinci:
- Astrophysics. Ukusetyenziswa kwefiziksi kwi-astronomy, ichaza iipropathi zezulu kunye neziganeko, ukuqulunqa imithetho, ukulinganisa ubungakanani kunye nokubonisa iziphumo zemathematika ngeefomula.
- inzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Eyaziwa ngokuba yi-extraterrestrial geology or planetary geology, imalunga nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olufunyenwe kwimingxuma yokwembiwa kwezinto zakudala kunye nokuphononongwa komhlaba okusemhlabeni kwezinye izidalwa zasesibhakabhakeni ezibunjwe zikwaziwa kude, kubandakanywa iNyanga kunye noMars, ngokuthumela iiprobe ukuqokelela iisampulu zamatye. .
- I-Astronautics. Ngokuqwalaselwa okuninzi kweenkwenkwezi, umntu waqalisa ukuphupha ngokuzityelela. I-Astronautics kanye lisebe lesayensi elifuna ukwenza eli phupha libe nokwenzeka.
- Abakhandi basezulwini. Isiphumo sentsebenziswano phakathi kwe-classical okanye i-Newtonian mechanics kunye ne-astronomy, uqeqesho lugxininise kwintshukumo yemizimba yasezulwini ngenxa yemiphumo yomxhuzulane eyenziwa kuyo yeminye imizimba emikhulu ngakumbi.
- iplanethi. Ikwaziwa njengenzululwazi yeeplanethi, igxile ekuqokeleleni ulwazi malunga nezijikelezi-langa ezaziwayo nezingaziwayo, ezo zenza isixokelelwano sesijikelezi-langa sethu kunye nezo zikude. Oku kusuka kwizinto ezinobungakanani bemeteorite ukuya kwiiplanethi ezinkulu zegesi.
- I-astronomy ye-X-ray. Kunye namanye amasebe enzululwazi ngeenkwenkwezi asebenza ngokukhethekileyo kufundo lweentlobo zemitha yemitha okanye yokukhanya (imitha yemitha yombane), eli sebe lenza iindlela ezikhethekileyo zokulinganisa iiX-reyi eziphuma emajukujukwini kunye nezigqibo ezinokuthatyathwa kuzo malunga nendalo iphela.
- I-Astrometry. Lisebe elijongene nokulinganisa ukuma nokushukuma kweenkwenkwezi, oko kukuthi, ukwenza imaphu yendalo iphela enokubonwa ngandlel’ ithile. Mhlawumbi lelona lidala kuwo onke amasebe.
Yenzelwe ntoni
Eyona njongo iphambili yalo naluphi na uphando lwenzululwazi kukwandisa ulwazi. Nangona kunjalo, olu lwazi lunokuba nokusetyenziswa okusebenzayo. Izinto zokuqala ezifunyaniswe ngeenkwenkwezi zenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukubala ukuhamba kwexesha, ukuguquka kwamaxesha onyaka namaza, nendawo esikuyo esibhakabhakeni, kuba ulwazi lweenkwenkwezi lusivumela ukuba sizisebenzise njengeemephu zezulu ezibonisa iindawo ezikuzo iingongoma zekhadinali.
Okwangoku, i-astronomy ifuna inkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji kwi-optics kunye ne-elektroniki enokuthi isetyenziswe kwamanye amasebe esayensi, ezifana neyeza kunye nebhayoloji. Ukuqonda ukuziphatha kweenkwenkwezi kwandisa ulwazi lwethu lwe-physics kwaye kusivumela ukuba siqwalasele, umzekelo, imithetho kaKepler. Olu lwazi lwenza kube lula ukubeka kwiisathelayithi ze-orbit ezinxibelelwano zabo zixhomekeke kuMhlaba uphela.
Ukufundwa kweenkwenkwezi kunye neenkwenkwezi
Ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi kugqalwa njengemfundiso yokutolika ngaphandle kwesiseko senzululwazi. Umahluko phakathi kwezi zifundo zimbini ubalulekile. Xa sithetha nge-astronomy, sithetha inzululwazi elinganiswe ngokusengqiqweni kwaye ingqinisiswe kusetyenziswa indlela yenzululwazi, enokuphikiswa, kwaye isekelwe kwimifuniselo ehlalutywayo kunye neethiyori, ezixhaswa yimathematika.
Ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi, ngokwenxalenye yayo, "yinzululwazi eyimfihlakalo" okanye i-pseudoscience, oko kukuthi, ithiyori yokutolika izinto eziyinyani ngaphandle kwaso nasiphi na isiseko senzululwazi, okanye ayiphenduli kulwazi oluyinyani olunokuqinisekiswa oluvela kweminye imimandla, kodwa isekelwe kwingcamango yayo ukuze igcine eyayo. Imithetho eyodwa yomdlalo. Ukuba i-astronomy yindlela yokuqonda isayensi yendalo yonke, ukuvumisa ngeenkwenkwezi yinkcazo yeziganeko zomhlaba ngokusebenzisa imizobo engahambelaniyo ezotywe phakathi kweenkwenkwezi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-astronomy kunye nokuba ifunda ntoni.