Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu namhlanje kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Kodwa, ngaphandle kokuyijongela phantsi ingxaki yemozulu esijongene nayo, inyani kukuba sele ikhona utshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba ezinemvelaphi eyahlukileyo kunale. Nangona kunjalo, inokubonelela ngolwazi olukhulu malunga nangoku.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iinguqu ezinkulu zemozulu kwimbali yomhlaba kwaye zibaluleke kangakanani na.
Iindidi zokutshintsha kwemozulu
Ngaphambi kokuba siqalise ukuvelisa iimpapasho, kufuneka siqonde ukuba yintoni utshintsho lwemozulu. Ngokuchanekileyo, utshintsho lwemozulu luchazwa njengotshintsho oluphawulekayo ekubunjweni kwemozulu eqhubekayo ixesha elide (ukususela kumashumi eminyaka ukuya kwiinkulungwane).
Ngokwenxalenye yayo, kukho utshintsho oluninzi kwimozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba, kwaye ziye zafundwa kwi-paleoclimatology, isayensi ephethe ukufundisisa iipropati zemozulu yoMhlaba ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngeli xesha, ukuthetha ngokubanzi, utshintsho lwemozulu lunokwahlulwa lube ngamacandelo amabini:
- Utshintsho lwemozulu lwangaphambili: Uluhlu lweenguqu zemozulu eziphawulwa ngamaza abandayo kunye nokufudumala.
- Utshintsho lwemozulu lwangoku: ebonakala ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu behlabathi.
Ekuqaleni koMhlaba, Kwiminyaka eyi-4600 yeebhiliyoni eyadlulayo, ilanga lalikhupha imitha yemitha emincinane kunanamhlanje. kwaye iqondo lobushushu elilinganayo laliyi -41 °C. Ngoko ke sinokucinga ukubanda okugqithisileyo kwesi sigaba, kwaye ke, ubomi obavela kamva babungenakwenzeka ngelo xesha.
Iinguqu ezinkulu zemozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba
Njengomphumo wezifundo ze-glaciers kunye ne-sediments yolwandle, kwagqitywa ukuba kukho ixesha kwimbali yemozulu xa ukugxilwa okuphezulu kweegesi ze-greenhouse zabhalwa, kubandakanywa. ikharbon diokside kunye nemethane emoyeni, ephawula ixesha le-hypermodern.
Phakathi kweziphumo zolu tshintsho lwemozulu, sinokuqaqambisa ukunyuka okubukhali kobushushu, ukuqina kwezehlo zemozulu eziqatha njengembalela nezikhukula, kuxhomekeke kubungakanani bomhlaba, ukunyuka komphakamo wolwandle, ukuhla kwamaqondo omkhenkce kunye nemvula. ukwanda kobushushu bamanzi kunye notshintsho kwimijikelo ye-biogeochemical. Konke oku kuchaphazela i-ecosystem kunye neentlobo ezinabantu abancinci kakhulu okanye abaphumeleleyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zabo, kodwa iintlobo ezininzi ezinempembelelo embi ziye zaphela.
ioksijini emoyeni
Ngokufika kwe-cyanobacteria kwavela i-photosynthesis ye-aerobic, inkqubo apho izinto eziphilayo zilungisa i-carbon dioxide kwaye zikhulule i-oksijini. Ngaphambi kokuba kuvele i-cyanobacteria, kwakungekho oksijini yasimahla emoyeni. Ngenxa yale nyaniso, ukuxinwa kwe-carbon dioxide emoyeni kuncipha kwaye kuvela izinto eziphilayo.
Ubuninzi beJurassic
Iplanethi yonke yayikwixesha lemozulu yetropiki, emva koko kwavela iidinosaur. Ukunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi kucingelwa ukuba kubangelwa kukugcwala okuphezulu kwekharbon diokside ekhutshwa emoyeni ngokunyusa ukhukuliseko lwamatye.
Paleocene-Eocene thermal ubuninzi
Ikwaziwa njenge Early Eocene Thermal Maximum okanye Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum. Oku kunyuka ngesiquphe kobushushu, ngakumbi ukonyuka ngesiquphe kwi-avareji yobushushu boMhlaba nge-6°C (malunga nama-20.000 eminyaka, elixesha elifutshane kakhulu lokutshintsha kwemozulu yehlabathi). Oku kwakhokelela ekutshintsheni kokujikeleza kolwandle kunye nomoya, kwaye kukhokelele ekutshabalaleni kweentlobo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo. Njengoko igama layo libonisa, yaphawula ukuphela kwePaleocene kunye nokuqala kwe-Eocene.
Pleistocene Ice Age
Olunye utshintsho lwemozulu olufanelekileyo kwimbali ngumkhenkce, ixesha apho umyinge wamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi wehla kwaye ngoko umkhenkce welizwekazi, imikhenkce emhlophe kunye nomkhenkce uyakhula. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho i-4 Great Ice Ages kwixesha elidlulileyo, eyokugqibela yayiyi-Pleistocene Ice Age. Kukholelwa ukuba zivela kwixesha le-Quaternary, oko kukuthi, ukusuka kwi-2,58 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku.
Ubuncinci beMaunder
Ingqinelana nexesha elifunyenweyo phakathi kowe-1645 no-1715 xa amabala elanga aphantse athi shwaka. Ngenxa yoko, ilanga likhupha imitha encinane kwaye ngenxa yoko ibe lixesha elibandayo.
Kukholeleka ukuba zintandathu minima yelanga efana nale, iqala ngobuncinci baseYiputa ngo 1300 BC. C., kude kube ngowokugqibela, ubuncinci be Maunder. Kuzo zonke ezi meko, esona siphumo sifanelekileyo kukuhla kakhulu kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi, nto leyo ethetha ukuba iintlobo zezityalo aziqhelani nokubanda kwangethuba, ukwehla okugqithisileyo kwabemi, okuchaphazela yonke imixokomelwano yokuphilisana kwezilwanyana nezityalo, kunye nokuphela kwezinye iintlobo zezinto eziphilayo.
utshintsho lwemozulu lwangoku
Utshintsho lwemozulu lwangoku lunxulunyaniswa nokunyuka kobushushu behlabathi, nto leyo edla ngokubizwa ngokuba kukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ngelixa igama elithi ukufudumala kwehlabathi lithathela ingqalelo ukunyuka kobushushu kunye noqikelelo lwabo lwexesha elizayo, Ingqikelelo yokutshintsha kwemozulu ibandakanya ukufudumala kwehlabathi kunye nefuthe lako kwezinye iimeko zemozulu.
Ngokungafaniyo notshintsho lwemozulu oludlulileyo, utshintsho lwemozulu lwangoku lubangelwa ngabantu, oko kukuthi, lubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu. Ukususela kwi-Industrial Revolution, abantu basebenzise amafutha e-fossil kwimisebenzi yabo, nto leyo ebangele ukwanda koxinzelelo lweegesi ze-greenhouse emoyeni. Ngokukodwa, ezi gesi zisebenza njengezindlu zokugcina izityalo kwaye zigcina ubushushu emhlabeni, enyanisweni, ngaphandle kobukho bayo kwiatmosfera, ubushushu eMhlabeni bebuya kuba malunga no -20°C.
Ke ngoko, okukhona ukuxinana kweegesi ze-greenhouse ku-atmosfera kunyuka, kokukhona ubushushu bomhlaba buya kuba phezulu, kungoko sisithi ukufudumala kwehlabathi. Ubushushu behlabathi buqikelelwa ukuba bonyuke nge-1,1°C xa kuthelekiswa nomndilili wobushushu behlabathi obuphambi koshishino.
Ukuba ngumntu kunye notshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba
15.000 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo, IiHomo sapiens zazisasazeke kuwo wonke umhlaba. Ubuncinci, kwezo ndawo zingagqunywanga ngumkhenkce osisigxina. Nangona kunjalo, ukuphela kwexesha lokugqibela le-Ice Age, i-Ice Age, kwazisa utshintsho olukhulu kwiintlobo zethu. Kwiwaka leminyaka elalihamba notshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu, abantu bayeka ukuba ngoonothwal’ impahlana, abazingeli-ngabaqokeleli, baza baqalisa ukuhlala.
Kuphononongo olupapashwe ekupheleni konyaka odlulileyo yiYunivesithi yaseAlicante kunye neAlgarve, uhlalutye indlela olu tshintsho lwenzeke ngayo kwi-Atlantic façade yePeninsula yase-Iberia. Ukukhangela ukutya kwaqala ukwandisa abantu bendawo ewela iDuero, iGuadiana kunye nolwandle. Kukho ukutya okuninzi onokukhetha kukho.
Kukwakho nokuguquguquka kwimvelaphi yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Ngexesha lemozulu ebizwa ngokuba yi-8200, ubushushu boMhlaba behla phakathi kwe-2 kunye nesi-4 ngokukaCelsius. Njengoko iYunivesithi yaseAlicante ibonisa, kunxweme lweAtlantiki, oku kupholisa kukhatshwa lutshintsho kwimisinga yolwandle. Ngequbuliso, umlomo woMlambo iTagus, namhlanje ofikelela eLisbon nerhamente yayo, uzaliswe zizondlo nezinto ezityiwayo, nto leyo ebangele ukuxhaphazwa ngamandla kobutyebi basemanzini. ukuqhuma kwedemographic kunye nokuvela kweendawo zokuhlala ezizinzile zokuqala.
IiRiphabliki kunye nezikumkani azikhuselekanga kwiinguqu
Fumana iifosili, i-decipher intsalela, uqokelele imikhondo yemozulu yangaphambili... Rukulandela umkhondo wexesha elidlulileyo kuyinkimbinkimbi. Noko ke, xa kwaveliswa indlela yokubhala, ngokukodwa umpapiri nesikhumba, yonk’ into yatshintsha. Kungelo xesha apho imbali yaqalisa ukuthetha ngekamva. Ukuba sifuna ukwazi ukuba kwenzeka ntoni kwiGrisi yamandulo okanye indlela obanyamalala ngayo uBukhosi baseRoma, simele siyifunde.
Kumashumi eminyaka yokugqibela yeRiphabhlikhi yaseRoma yaphawulwa ludushe lwentlalo. Imizabalazo yezobupolitika eyalandela ukubulawa kukaJulius Caesar yathatyathelw’ indawo buBukhosi, yadibana nexesha lengqele, isivuno esibi nendlala phantse kuyo yonke imimandla eyayiphantsi kolawulo lwamaRoma. Ezi nkcukacha zaziwa kuphela kwiingxelo ezibhaliweyo eziye zagcinwa ukususela ngoko. Phakathi kwezidubedube zezopolitiko, indlala kunye nezidubedube ekuhlaleni zibeke isikhonkwane sokugqibela kwibhokisi yomngcwabo weriphabliki.
Ngoku siyazi kwakhona 43 kunye 42. C. yeyona ibanda kakhulu kule minyaka idlulileyo 2500. Uphononongo olupapashwe ngoJulayi ka-2020 lunxulumanise ukubanda kubanda kugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu olubini kwindawo ngoku eyi-volcano yase-Alaska yase-Okmok. Uthuthu lwayo lwaluthintela ilanga kangangeminyaka eliqela, nto leyo eyayibangela ukupholisa okuxhaphakileyo kuMntla weIkhweyitha; Iindlela zemvula nazo zitshintshile.
Ubukhosi obavela emva kokuwa kweRoma babungenakukuphepha ukuguquguquka kwemozulu. Ngenkulungwane yesithathu kwixesha lethu, ummandla waseFayoum waseYiputa wawulithafa laseRoma, yaye uMlambo umNayile wawunkcenkceshela elona ziko likhulu lezolimo kubukumkani. Nangona kunjalo, malunga nonyaka wama-260 d. C., izityalo zaqalisa ukusilela kwaye imveliso yeenkozo yatshintshwa yaba kukufuywa kweebhokhwe, ezazixhathisa ngakumbi. Ukruthakruthwano lokufikelela emanzini luyinto eqhelekileyo, kunye nokwehla kwezivuno nako kukhokelele kwirhafu ephantsi kunye nokufudukela emantla okukhulu. Kwiminyaka emininzi, indawo iya kuba ingenamntu.
Kwakhona, ukutshintsha kwemozulu yimvelaphi yayo yonke into. Ebudeni baloo minyaka, isiganeko esithile (esingekaziwa, nangona isenokuba yayiyenye intaba-mlilo) yatshintsha indlela yeemonsoni ezihambisa amanzi kwimithombo yomlambo iNayile nyaka ngamnye. Olu tshintsho lwenzeke ngesiquphe (ngokophando olupapashwe ngoNovemba), olukhokelele kwimbalela emandla.
Ukungazinzi kwemozulu akukuphela kwexesha lethu, nangona isantya esenzeka ngaso utshintsho kunye nezizathu zazo. Ukuguquguquka kwemozulu kuyimilisele imbali yethu. Izifundo ziqokelele kumawaka eminyaka malunga neziphumo zengxaki yemozulu. Ewe, izinto zahluke gqitha namhlanje. Okokuqala, sijongene nengxaki yemozulu, siyibona isiza kwaye sinokuyinqanda. Ayiveliswa lutshintsho lwentaba-mlilo okanye imisinga yolwandle. BangamaHomo sapiens ngokwabo abavavanya ukukwazi kwabo ukuziqhelanisa nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga notshintsho olukhulu lwemozulu kwimbali yoMhlaba.