Ukususela oko indalo yaqalisa ukuhlolisiswa, umntu ebekhangela isijikelezi-langa esifana nesethu. Hayi kuphela iimpawu, kodwa kwindawo ngokubhekiselele kwenkwenkwezi yayo ukuze ibe kwindawo ehlala kuyo. Ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, i-exoplanet Kepler 442b yiyo yodwa eneempawu ezifunekayo ukuze sikwazi ukusingatha ubomi njengoko sibazi eMhlabeni.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngeempawu ezenza i-exoplanet Kepler 442b ibe yodwa kwaye ibaluleke kangakanani kuthi.
Kepler 442b
Akukho nanye kwi-exoplanets efana noMhlaba eyaziwayo ukuba inokuhlalwa ineemeko ezifanelekileyo zokuxhasa ubomi njengoko sisazi apha eMhlabeni. Ine-biosphere ecebileyo yezityalo, i-microorganisms kunye nezilwanyana. Inye kuphela, iKepler 442b, isondele ekufumaneni i-stellar radiation efunekayo ukugcina i-biosphere enkulu.
Ii-exoplanets ziiplanethi ezijikeleza inkwenkwezi ngaphandle kwelanga kwaye aziyonxalenye yesixokelelwano sethu selanga.
Uphando, olupapashwe kwiZaziso zeNyanga zeRoyal Astronomical Society, zivavanye iimeko ezisisiseko ze-photosynthesis esekelwe kwi-oxygen. Uvavanyo lubandakanya ii-exoplanets ezilishumi ezifana noMhlaba zobunzima obaziwayo obujikelezayo kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yindawo enokuhlaleka ejikeleze iinkwenkwezi zabo.
Indawo ekunokuhlalwa kuyo ngummandla ojikeleze inkwenkwezi apho ubushushu bufanelekele ngokwaneleyo ukuba kubekho amanzi angamanzi. Imfuneko ebalulekileyo kubukho bobomi njengoko sibazi eMhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, uphando olwenziwa zizazi ngeenkwenkwezi kwiYunivesithi yaseNaples eItali uye wafumanisa ukuba ukuhlala nje kwindawo ekunokuhlalwa kuyo akwanelanga.
I-photosynthesis iyafuneka, eya kuvumela i-biosphere entsonkothileyo efana naleyo ifumaneka eMhlabeni. Yaye ukuze inkqubo ebalulekileyo yokuguqula ukukhanya kube yinto ephilayo yezityalo nezinye iintsholongwane, kufuneka umlinganiselo othile wokukhanya kwelanga. Ukongeza ekuveliseni i-oksijini njenge-byproduct. Ayizizo zonke iinkwenkwezi ezinokukwenza oku. Ifotosynthesis yenza umahluko phakathi kwee-exoplanets kunye noMhlaba.
Kwigalaksi yethu, inani leeplanethi eziqinisekisiweyo lifikelela kumawaka. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo luphawula ukuba iiplanethi ezisemhlabeni kunye neeplanethi kwindawo ekunokuhlalwa kuyo zinqabile.
ii-exoplanets ezinamatye
Okwangoku, kukho iqaqobana leexoplanets ezaziwayo ezinamatye nezinokuthi kuhlale kuzo. Nangona kunjalo, uphononongo lubonisa ukuba akukho nanye kwezi exoplanets ezineemeko zethiyori ukugcina i-biosphere efana noMhlaba ngokusebenzisa "i-oxygenated" photosynthesis. Isixhobo esisetyenziswa zizityalo eMhlabeni ukuguqula ukukhanya kunye nekharbon diokside ibe yioksijini kunye nezondlo.
Inye kuphela kwezi planethi isondela ekufumaneni imitha yeenkwenkwezi efunekayo ukuxhasa i-biosphere enkulu: i-Kepler 442b. I-exoplanet enamatye malunga nobukhulu obuphindwe kabini boMhlaba ijikeleza inkwenkwezi ngokuphakathi kushushu malunga ne-1.200 yeminyaka yokukhanya kwikroza laseLyra.
Uphononongo lwenziwe kwisampulu encinci kakhulu yezi planethi. Kodwa izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zinolwazi olwaneleyo malunga neempawu zeenkwenkwezi kumnyele wethu ukuze ziqikelele ukuba iimeko ezifanelekileyo zobomi obunamandla ephotosynthesis zisenokuba zinqabile. Uninzi lweenkwenkwezi ezikwiMilky Way zaziwa ngokuba zii-red dwarfs. Zibanda kakhulu ukwenza umsebenzi wephotosynthetic kwiiplanethi ezikufutshane.
“Iired dwarfs lolona hlobo lwenkwenkwezi luxhaphakileyo kumnyele wethu. Esi siphumo sicebisa ukuba iimeko ezinjengoMhlaba kwezinye iiplanethi zinokunqaba kakhulu kunokuba besilindele, utshilo uNjingalwazi Giovanni Covone, umbhali ophambili wophononongo. Umzekelo, Kwiinkwenkwezi ezingama-30 ezikufutshane neLanga, ezingama-20 zigqalwa njengeengqayi ezibomvu.
Izifundo kwii-exoplanets
Uphononongo lwee-exoplanets lubonise ukuba iinkwenkwezi ezishushu kunelanga lethu nazo azifanelekanga ukufana noMhlaba.
Iinkwenkwezi eziqaqambileyo zitsha ngokukhawuleza. Ngoxa zazinokuvelisa imitha eyaneleyo ye<em>photosynthetically asebenzayo (PAR) ukuze iqalise umsebenzi ololo hlobo kwisijikelezi-langa esinamanzi nekhabhoni, mhlawumbi zaziya kufa ngaphambi kokuba nabuphi na ubomi obuntsonkothileyo buguquke kuzo.
«Olu phononongo lubeka imiqobo engqongqo kwisithuba sepharamitha kubomi obunzima. Ngelishwa, 'indawo emnandi' yesityebi sebhayoloji esemhlabeni ayibonakali ibanzi kangako, ”wongeze watsho uCovone.
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zafumanisa amawaka eexoplanets kwiMilky Way. Kodwa akukho nto ingako bayaziyo ngabo. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu zithi kubonakala kungaqhelekanga ukufumana iiplanethi ezinamatye, ezinjengoMhlaba kwindawo ekunokuhlalwa kuyo apho amanzi anokuba khona.
Iimishini zexesha elizayo, ezinje ngeJames Webb Space Telescope (JWST), ecwangciselwe ukusungulwa kulo nyaka, inokutyhila ngakumbi malunga nehlabathi elikude elijikeleze ezinye iinkwenkwezi kunye nokubakho kobomi obuntsonkothileyo kuzo.
Iimpawu ezibonakalayo zeKepler 442b
I-Kepler 442b yi-super-Earth, i-exoplanet enobunzima kunye neradiyasi enkulu kunoMhlaba kodwa incinci kuneengxilimbela zomkhenkce i-Uranus neNeptune. Inobushushu obulinganayo obuyi-233 K (-40 °C). Ngenxa yobubanzi bayo, kusenokwenzeka ukuba yiplanethi enamatye enomgangatho oqinileyo. Ubunzima bale exoplanet buqikelelwa ukuba buyi-2,36 M. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ulwakhiwo olufana noMhlaba, umxhuzulane womphezulu we-Kepler 442b unokuba ngama-30% womelele kunoMhlaba.
Inkwenkwezi eyijikelezayo inobunzima be-0,61 M kunye ne-radius ye-0,60 R. Ineqondo lobushushu le-4402 K kwaye limalunga ne-2.900 yezigidigidi zeminyaka ubudala, ngokuxhomekeke ekungaqinisekini okuthile. Xa kuthelekiswa, iLanga lineminyaka eyi-4600 yeebhiliyoni ubudala kwaye linobushushu obuyi-5778 K. Inkwenkwezi ityebile kancinci ngesinyithi kunye ne-metallicity (Fe/H) ye -0,37 kunye ne-43% yamandla elanga. Ukukhanya kwayo yi-12% yokukhanya kwelanga.
Ubukhulu obubonakalayo benkwenkwezi, okanye indlela eqaqambileyo ebonakala ngayo kwimbono yoMhlaba, yi-14,76. Ngoko ke, kumnyama kakhulu ukuba ungabonwa ngeliso lenyama.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-exoplanet Kepler 442b kunye neempawu zayo.