Kwilizwe lezenzululwazi baninzi abantu abahlalutye igalelo elinomdla elenze eli lizwe laqhubela phambili. Namhlanje siza kuthetha UHenry Cavendish, i-physicist yaseBritani kunye ne-chemist owayengowokuqala ukwahlula ubukho bekhabhon diokside kunye ne-hydrogen emoyeni. Wenziwa uMhlobo weRoyal Society ngo-1760 kwaye wafunda kwiYunivesithi yaseCambridge.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke i-biography kunye nezenzo zikaHenry Cavendish.
UHenry Cavendish Biography
Le nzulu-lwazi yaqatshelwa ngokupapasha umsebenzi owaziwa ngegama leMifuniselo emoyeni. Kulo msebenzi wathi umoya uqulethe umxube we-oksijini kunye ne-nitrogen kwi-1: 4. Ikwafake ubungqina bokuba amanzi ayengeyonxalenye kodwa yayiyinxalenye. Kude kube lelo xesha, bekucingelwa ukuba amanzi yinto enye eyilwe kuphela ngamanzi. Nangona kunjalo, NguCavendish owathi amanzi ayenziwe ngehydrogen kunye neoksijini. Wakwazi ukubonisa oku ngenye yeemvavanyo zakhe apho wayekwazi ukuhlanganisa i-nitric acid kunye namanzi.
Imisebenzi yakhe yayiqapheleke kakhulu kwicandelo lombane ngokwazisa umxholo onokubakho, wokulinganisa amandla kunye nokukwazi ukuqikelela umthetho ka-Ohm. Wayengomnye woososayensi bokuqala ukuba babenako ukumisela ubuninzi kunye nobunzima beplanethi yethu ngokusebenzisa ibhalansi ye-torsion.
Ekuphela kwereferensi awayenzayo u-Isaac Asimov malunga noHenry Cavendish yile ilandelayo: «Wayengumntu ohlakaniphileyo kunye no-neurotic owayehlala kwaye wasweleka ephantse ukuba yedwa. Ukanti wenza olona vavanyo lunomdla kwimbali yesayensi. ' Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ibinzana lika-Asimov likwenza wazi ngakumbi ngobomi beCavendish. Wayengumntu o-eccentric ochithe ubomi bakhe bonke enikele phantse kuphela kuphando lwenzululwazi. Kwaye kukhangeleka ngathi ithiyori yakhe yendalo iphela yayikukuba yayenziwe sisixa sezinto ezinokulinganiswa, kubalwe amanani kunye nokuthengiswa. Ngelo xesha ndandinemibono embalwa malunga nehlabathi lezenzululwazi ngokubanzi.
Imilinganiselo nemisebenzi
UCavendish wayenombulelo omkhulu kwimilinganiselo njengoko wayefuna ukuhlala eneedatha ezichanekileyo. Uzamile ukuqikelela lonke ubalo kwixabiso elichanekileyo lokukwazi ubunzulu beempawu zezinto. Kuba yayingenayo i-ammeter kwaye ingenanto inokuthi inike isixa sombane esihamba ngocingo, yayisetyenziswa ngokuzithoba kodwa isenza iitafile ezichaziweyo. Koko kukuthi, UCavendish ufumene izothuso kwaye baya kwenza iingalo emzimbeni wakhe Ngexesha lokulinga lokwazi kunye nokuqaphela ukuba ubuninzi bezintambo babunjani.
Umsebenzi wokuqala wale nzululwazi ujongene ne-arsenic. Zonke izazinzulu ezazi uCavendish zibanga ukuba uthando lwakhe lwesayensi lwalumsulwa ngokupheleleyo. Akazange akhathazeke malunga nokuba ngaba izinto azifumeneyo zipapashiwe, nokuba zifakiwe okanye akunjalo, okanye nangantoni na eyenye ngaphandle kokwanelisa umdla wakhe. Le yindlela oyifunda kwaye uqhubeke ngayo kuphando. Ngenxa yolu thando olusulungekileyo lwesayensi, uninzi lweempumelelo zakhe zazingaziwa kangangeminyaka kwaye zafunyanwa kwiminyaka eliqela emva kokubhubha kwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba impumelelo yakhe ingaziwa, mnaSaac Asimov uxelele bonke oogxa bakhe kwiRoyal Society malunga nokuxhaphaza kwale nzulu.
Ngo-1766 wayephethe uxhulumaniso lwezinto zokuqala ezifunyanisiweyo njengomsebenzi awayewenzile ngerhasi enokutsha eyayifunyanwa xa kusenziwa intsimbi kunye neasidi. Le gesi ngaphambili yayifunyanwa nguBoyle noHales, kodwa yayinguCavendish owayegunyazisiwe ukuba abengowokuqala ukuphonononga iipropathi zayo. Kwakusele kudlule iminyaka engama-20 uLavoisier abize le gesi i-hydrogen.
UHenry wayengusosayensi wokuqala ukufumanisa ukuba umthamo othile weegesi ezahlukileyo kufuneka ulinganiswe ukuze kufunyaniswe ubungakanani bawo. Le yindlela awayifumana ngayo loo nto I-hydrogen yayiyirhasi ekhaphukhaphu eyayiyi-1/14 kuphela ubuninzi bomoya. Ukukhanya okulula kunye nokutsha, wayekholelwa ukuba wayeyikhethile i-phlogiston.
Uvavanyo lukaHenry Cavendish
Gcina ukhumbula ukuba, ngezo ntsuku, kwakusebenzela ngakumbi ukwenza ulingo ezahlukeneyo zomoya. Oku kubangele ukuba ngonyaka we-1785 yenze iintlantsi zombane zinqumle emoyeni kwaye iyakwenza umxube phakathi kwe-nitrogen kunye neoksijini yokunyibilikisa i-oxide eyavela emanzini. Ngombulelo kolu vavanyo wakwazi ukufumanisa ukwakhiwa kwe-nitric acid. Wongeze i-nitrogen engaphezulu ngenjongo yokuba akwazi ukusebenzisa yonke ioksijini eyayikhona kwangoko. Wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba oku akunakwenzeka. Kwaye kuhlala kunjalo isahlulo esincinci segesi sahlala singadibananga, nantoni na ayenzayo.
Emva koko wakwazi ukufumanisa ukuba umoya onawo wawunesixa esincinci serhasi ekwakufuneka ingangeni kwaye inganyangeki ukuba ingaphenduli nazo zonke iigesi. Ukwafumanise igesi esiyaziyo namhlanje njenge argon. Namhlanje siyazi ukuba iatmosfera iqulethe i-1% ye-argon eyigesi engenayo kwaye ayiphenduli nantoni na. Siyazi ukuba yirhasi efanelekileyo. Olu vavanyo lweCavendish luye alutyeshelwa kangangekhulu leminyaka de uRamsay wakwazi ukuyilandela inyathelo ngenyathelo kwaye wayiphinda kwakhona.
Olona vavanyo lubalaseleyo lukaCavendish lubandakanya iglobe enkulu awayeyisebenzisa ukwenza into eyaziwa ngokuba luvavanyo lweCavendish. Ngolu vavanyo wakwazi ukwazi ukuba ubuninzi bomhlaba kwaye, okoko umthamo weplanethi wayesaziwa, into ayenzileyo "yayikukulinganisa" uMhlaba.
Wayenamaphepha amaninzi kwimbali yakhe kwaye wandise isantya xa wajoyina iRoyal Society kunye nezinye izazinzulu ezazixhasa amalinge akhe. Njengoko ubona, le sisazinzulu esasinothando olusulungekileyo kwisayensi kwaye yayikukuthanda kwakhe ukumqhubela phambili ekuphandeni nasekufumaneni izinto ezintsha.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngoHenry Cavendish kunye nakho konke ukuxhaphaza.