El UmEfrate ngowona mlambo mde kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asiya, ngoko ke ubude kuneTigris. UmEfrate ngowona mlambo mde kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asiya, kwaye ke ngoko ubude kuneTigris. Amanzi ayo acocekileyo ayimfuneko ekuseleni, ekuhlambeni, ekuphekeni nakwezinye izinto ezisisiseko, kwaye ikwangumthombo weentlanzi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga noMlambo umEfrate, iimpawu nokubaluleka kwawo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
UmEfrate ngowona mlambo mde kuMzantsi-ntshona we-Asiya, kwaye ke ngoko ubude kuneTigris. Kuqikelelwa ukuba malunga neekhilomitha ezingama-2.800 ubude, ukusuka ekuzalweni kwayo eTurkey ukuya ekugqityweni kwayo e-Iraq, idlula kwiindawo zaseSyria. Isiseko sayo samanzi sinolwandiso olumalunga nama-500.000 km2, equka amazwe amathathu kunye neendawo zaseKuwait naseSaudi Arabia. Umthombo wayo awukho ichibi okanye i-glacier, kodwa ukudibana koMlambo iKarasu kunye noMlambo waseMurat kwindawo ephakamileyo yeemitha ezingama-3.000.
Umlambo uya kumzantsi-mpuma-mpuma weIraq, kumntla weBasra, apho udibana neTigris ukuze wenze iShatt al-Arab, ethi ekugqibeleni iye kutshona kwiPersian Gulf. Imbalwa imilambo eyondlayo; e-Syria, kuphela i-Sajur, i-Balikh, kunye ne-Jabur i-tributaries, le yokugqibela ibaluleke kakhulu ekuboneleleni ukukhutshwa okuphezulu kolwelo. Kanye eIraq, i-Euphrates ayinayo eminye imimandla.
Umlambo ubukhulu becala utyiswa ngamanzi emvula kunye nekhephu, ukongeza kwimilambo ekhankanywe ngasentla kunye neminye imijelo emincinci. Uninzi lokuhamba kwamanzi luvela kwimvula ekwiiNtaba zaseArmenia, owona mthamo mkhulu udla ngokwenzeka phakathi kuka-Epreli noMeyi. Umyinge wokufuduka ngu-356 m3 / s kwaye ubuninzi bungama-2514 m3 / s.
Ukusekwa komEfrate
Ayaziwa imvelaphi yomlambo umEfrate. Sele eCretaceous, ukudakumba okubizwa ngokuba yi-structural trench kwakhiwa apho amanzi ayeza kuhlala kwaye intlenga iya kufakwa kwiileya ezilandelelanayo. Ngexesha leMiocene yokuqala, umsinga omncinci wadibanisa iproto-Meditera kunye neelwandle zolwandle zommandla waseMesopotamiya kumntla-ntshona weSyria kunye nemimandla ekufuphi neTurkey yanamhlanje.
Kuyo yonke imbali ibisaziwa njengegolide eluhlaza kwaye ibingumthombo wobomi amawaka eminyaka. Ecaleni kwawo kwakukho impucuko abantu abambalwa abazikhumbulayo namhlanje. Ukususela ekuzalweni kwakhe eTurkey, umthamo womlambo uye wehla unyaka nonyaka.
Kunye nomthombo wayo ophambili, uMlambo iJabr, iye yaba yindawo yamaSilamsi, amaKrestu, amaKurdish, amaTurkmen kunye nezixeko zaseJudeo-Arab. Kule ndawo kulapho idatha yempucuko endala ifunyanwa.
Izityalo nezilwanyana zoMlambo umEfrate
Umlambo umEfrate, njengeTigris, ngumthombo okhethekileyo wamanzi kuba uqukuqela kumbindi wommandla omkhulu owomileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yamanzi kunye nempembelelo yawo kwimimandla ephakathi yemilambo, indawo echumileyo yasekwa eyinxalenye yommandla wembali owaziwa ngokuba yi "Fertile Crescent", omilo yayo isuka kwiTigris-Euphrates ukuya kwiindawo zoMnayile. eYiputa, ukutyhubela iAsiriya ukusa emantla kwintlango yaseSiriya nosingasiqithi weSinayi.
Iingenelo zamanzi zivumela izityalo ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana ukuba ziphile, ezinye zazo ezikhethekileyo. Ngokomzekelo, ufudo oluthambileyo lwase-Euphrates luhlala kuphela kunxweme lweTigris-Euphrates neminye imilambo embalwa kuMbindi Mpuma; ayinazo iipleyiti ezinamathambo aqhele ukuqina amaqokobhe ofudo. Ezona ntlanzi zixhaphakileyo emanzini ziyi-carp, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-carps, njenge-Tenuolaaosa ilisha, i-Acanthobrama marmid, i-Alburnus caeruleus, i-Aspius vorax, i-Luciobarbus eocinus, i-Alburnus sellal, i-Barbus grypus, kunye ne-Barbus sharpeyi, kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-taxa. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-Glyptothorax cous, Nemacheilus hamwii, kunye ne-Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi. I-Melanopsis nodosa molluscs inokuba isasazeke e-Iraq.
Esi sitya likhaya leentaka zasemanzini nezingezizo emanzini, izilwanyana ezanyisayo, izinambuzane kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini.. I-warbler yaseBasra, i-otter yase-Iraq, i-pygmy cormorant, i-gosling, i-gerbil yase-Mesopotamian kunye ne-otter yaseYurophu zivelele.
Kuninzi lwezitya ezingasentla, kukhula amatyholo emithi enjengom-oki, kodwa kufuphi nomda weSiriya neIraq, umhlaba utshintsha ube lithafa lengca, eliquka izityalo eziphantsi namatyholo, njengebhrashi nengca. Izihlahla, i-rushes kunye nezinye iintlobo zezityalo zasemanzini zikhula kwiibhanki.
Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kuMlambo umEfrate
UmEfrate wawukho, kwaye usenjalo nangoku, enye yeendawo eziphambili kwiidolophu ezininzi zoMbindi Mpuma. Amanzi ayo achumisa umhlaba okufutshane wezolimo, ebonelela ngokutya, ngakumbi ukutya okuziinkozo okufana nengqolowa nerhasi, nemithi enjengemikhiwane. Amanzi acocekileyo ayafuneka xa kuselwa, ekuhlambeni, ekuphekeni nakwezinye izinto ezisisiseko, yaye ikwangumthombo weentlanzi. Kuzo zonke ezi zizathu, umlambo usetyenziswe njengendlela yokurhweba ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, nangona amanzi ayo engafanelekanga kwiinqanawa ezinkulu. Kungokunje kuyaqhutywa ngenqanawa ukuya kwisixeko saseHit, eIraq.
Ukwakhiwa kwezityalo zombane owenziwe ngamanzi yinto ebaluleke kakhulu kuqoqosho lwengingqi, njengoko inceda ukubonelela ngombane kwizixeko zase-Iraq, eSiriya naseTurkey. Ngokubanzi, ngaphezu kwama-70 ekhulwini amanzi akumlambo umEfrate asetyenziselwa ukuvelisa umbane; nkcenkceshela izityalo kwaye ubonelele namanzi okusela.
Iinkqubo
Amadama amaninzi kunye neenkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezigudle umlambo, ngakumbi phezulu, zibangele utshintsho ekukhutsheni, kwaye kunoloyiko lokuba amanzi aya kuncipha ixesha elide ngaphambi kokuba afike e-Iraq. Kukho iingxabano malunga namalungelo amanzi phakathi kweTurkey, iSiriya kunye ne-Iraq, kwaye isomiso sigxininisa, ngakumbi kumacandelo okugqibela omlambo. Ngaphaya koko, imigxobhozo kunye nemigxobhozo ekufutshane neBasra itshatyalalisiwe ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1990s, xa ngelo xesha owayelawula ngelo xesha uSaddam Hussein. wawavumela ukuba akhuphe amanzi ukuze anyanzelise ama-Arabhu amaninzi ukuba amke kuloo ndawo.
Ungcoliseko lomlambo yenye ingxaki. Ukukhutshwa kwamanzi amdaka kwezolimo, ishishini, kunye namakhaya kuchaphazela umgangatho wamanzi, kwaye ityuwa kwimilambo yase-Iraqi iyanda njengoko umlambo uqukuqela ezantsi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga noMlambo umEfrate kunye neempawu zawo.