Yintoni umbane wentaba-mlilo?

El umbane wentaba-mlilo Sesinye sezona ziganeko zibangela umdla kumntu. Kwaye kukuba kwenzeka ngexesha logqabhuko-mlilo kwaye iimeko ezikhethekileyo ziyafuneka ngokubonakala kwayo. Xa zivela, umbane wentaba-mlilo lo ngumboniso onomtsalane ofanele ukufotwa.

Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela indlela umbane we-volcanic owenziwe ngayo, zeziphi iimpawu kunye nemvelaphi yazo.

umbane wentaba-mlilo

Umbane wentaba-mlilo kukuphuma kombane okubangelwa kugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo. Uthuthu kunye ne-pyroclastics ekhutshwe yi-volcano ayithathi hlangothi, oko kukuthi, Abanayo intlawulo yombane, ngoko abanako ukuzenzela umbane ngokwabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukungqubana phakathi kwezixhobo zentaba-mlilo kwiindawo ezinobutshaba kunokukhokelela ekukhululweni kwee-ion kwikholamu yentaba-mlilo, kuvelise ezi ziganeko zinomtsalane. Ukwahlulwa kweentlawulo ezilungileyo kunye ezimbi kudala umahluko omkhulu onokwenzeka, obangela ukukhutshwa.

Kodwa ngaba zikhona kuzo zonke iindidi zeentaba-mlilo? Impendulo nguhayi. Ukuvelisa umbane wentaba-mlilo, intaba-mlilo egqabhukileyo kufuneka ibe neempawu ezidubulayo kunye nobukhulu obufana neLa Palma. Yaye kukuba, nangona ekuqaleni iCanary Volcano yenza ugqabhuko-dubulo lweStrombolian olwathi, phakathi kwezinye izinto, lwalungenalo ugonyamelo kakhulu, iincopho zomsebenzi ezirekhodiweyo ngamaxesha athile zavumela le mitha ukuba ibekho.

Uphando

Uphononongo olukwijenali iSayensi lucebisa ukuba amandla ombane wentaba-mlilo aqala xa amaqhekeza amatye, uthuthu namasuntswana omkhenkce engqubana kuluhlu lweentsika zentaba-mlilo. Emva phayaa, iintlawulo ezimileyo zadalwa ngendlela efanayo umbane owenziwe ngayo kwiindudumo eziqhelekileyo, ngaphandle kwezi meko zadalwa kuphela xa amasuntswana omkhenkce engqubana. Ngokunjalo, Iintaba-mlilo nazo zikhupha amanzi amaninzi, nto leyo enceda ukubasa ukudalwa kwezi ndudumo.

Ugqatso lokuqala olubhaliweyo lwenziwa ngo-AD 79, xa umbhali-mbali ongumRoma uPliny Omncinane wachaza ugqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iVesuvius. Esi siganeko sibonakala kumazwi othusayo kunye nemifanekiso yaloo mzuzu wembali: isihlwele sonke sabona ilifu elihlatywe ngumlilo, lifihla imitha yelanga lasePompeian phantsi kwengubo yayo. Kwakwi-volcano enye, uNjingalwazi uLuigi Palmieri wenza izifundo zokuqala zenzululwazi malunga nombane wentaba-mlilo okanye izaqhwithi ezimdaka ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo luka-1858, 1861, 1868 no-1872.

Okwangoku, uphando olupapashwe kwi-2008 kwi-Bulletin of Volcanology ibonisa ukuba ama-27% ukuya kuma-35% ogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lukhatshwa le mitha (Ray). Izaqhwithi ezimdaka ezimangalisayo zifotwe kwihlabathi liphela, kubandakanya iMount Chaitén eChile, iColima eMexico, iMount Augustine eAlaska, kunye neMount Eyjafjallajökull e-Iceland kunye neMount Etna eSicily eYurophu.

Wenza njani umbane wentaba-mlilo?

Ukungqubana phakathi kwamasuntswana esichotho kunye namathontsi amanzi abekwe phezulu kwilifu le-cumulonimbus (i-thundercloud) ibangela ukuba umoya ube yi-ayoni kwaye uqokelele umahluko obonakalayo phakathi kwezinye iindawo zelifu kunye nezinye. Oku ekugqibeleni kuvelisa umbane phakathi kwamafu, kodwa kunye nombane ofikelela kwamanye amafu okanye ukhuphela emhlabeni.

Kwimeko yombane wentaba-mlilo, iimeko kwilifu lothuthu kufuneka zifane nezo zingaphakathi kwilifu lendudumo.

Uthuthu kunye ne-pyroclasts ezigxothwe yi-volcano ekuqaleni zingathathi hlangothi (akukho ntlawulo yombane), kodwa ukungqubuzana phakathi kwazo kwindawo enzima ngokuqinisekileyo (ukutshisa) kunokubangela ukukhululwa kwee-ion kwi-volcanic plume.

Umbane wentaba-mlilo ubakho kuphela xa oku kusenzeka, oko kukuthi, xa kukho umahluko wentlawulo kwilifu lentaba-mlilo.

Iziphumo kunye nezinto ezinomdla

Isiphumo esibalulekileyo sezi mvula zombane kukuba zichaphazela unxibelelwano: umbane unokuphazamisa kwaye ube nefuthe elibi kwi-aviation.

Ukongeza, unxibelelwano lukanomathotholo emoyeni nakwizikhululo zeenqwelomoya ezikufutshane luyachaphazeleka. Uphononongo olwenziwe nguStephen R. McNutt kunye no-Earle R. Williams weAlaska Institute of Geophysics kunye neMassachusetts Institute of Technology, ngokulandelelana, iqinisekisa ukuba "Umbane kunye nokufakelwa kombane kwiintaba-mlilo zibalulekile kuba zona ngokwazo zimele ingozi, ziyinxalenye yentaba-mlilo yendawo yehlabathi." isekethe, njengoko igalelo aggregation amasuntswana kunye notshintsho kwikholomu ash.

Ukugqabhuka kwentaba-mlilo kunokubangela iziganeko ezinkulu. Uphononongo olupapashwe kwiiNgxelo zeSayensi ngu-Andrew Pata, umphandi we-postdoctoral kwiZiko leSizwe le-Supercomputing e-Barcelona, ​​​​uchaza indlela ukuphuphuma kwamanzi olwandle ukusuka kwi-volcano yase-Indonesia yase-Anak Krakatau kubangele isaqhwithi sentaba-mlilo esithathe iintsuku ezintandathu kwaye sabangela isaqhwithi sentaba-mlilo phakathi kwe-22nd. kunye ne-2nd engaphezulu kwe-100.000 imitha. Ke ngoko, ugqabhuko-dubulo oluthile lwentaba-mlilo lukwasivumela ukuba sijonge ukuyilwa kunye nokuvela kokukhutshwa kombane okukhulu emoyeni.

Kwakutheni ukuze intaba-mlilo yaseLa Palma ivelise umbane?

Emva kwempembelelo ye-hypnotic yamafu esasazwe ngokuthe ngqo esibhakabhakeni sesiqithi esibonwe ekuqaleni kuka-Okthobha, xa intaba-mlilo yayisebenza ngaphezulu kweentsuku ezilishumi, Umbane wawubanjwe kwikona enkulu yentaba-mlilo, ngokungathi sisiphango sombane.

Isazi ngemozulu uJosé Miguel Viñas sachaza ukuba ezi zinto zikhutshwayo “zibonisa ukugqabhuka kogqabhuko-dubulo.” Kodwa kutheni zisenzeka ngexesha lentaba-mlilo? Ukususela kwiZiko le-Volcanology yeZiqithi zaseCanary (Involcan), babelana ngomfanekiso we-volcanic ray, ebonakala ngokubonakalayo kwiitoni ezingwevu ezazikho e-El Paso, ummandla apho i-magma yaqala khona ngoSeptemba 19 wonyaka ophelileyo.

Kukukhutshwa kombane okubangelwa luthuthu kunye ne-pyroclasts ephonswe yi-volcano emhlabeni, nangona ekuqaleni izinto ezingathathi hlangothi, oko kukuthi, azinayo intlawulo yombane ngokwazo, kodwa zibangela "ukukhululwa kwee-ion kwi-volcanic plume" ngenxa yobukho bayo kungquzulwano kwimo engqongileyo enobutshaba.

Njengoko ubona, le nto ibaluleke kakhulu ukusukela oko kwagqabhuka intaba-mlilo yaseLa Palma. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni imitha ye-volcanic kunye nokuba ivela njani.