Amava ethu asixelela ukuba i umbala wolwandle inokutshintsha kakhulu ngexesha kunye nendawo: ukusuka kuluhlaza oluhlaza ukuya kuluhlaza okhanyayo ukuya kuluhlaza obumnyama, ongwevu, kunye nomdaka. Kuvela ukuba utshintsho kumbala wolwandle luyisiphumo sokudityaniswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kunye nebhayoloji.
Kule nqaku sichaza ngokucacileyo ukuba yintoni umbala wolwandle, yintoni exhomekeke kuyo kwaye kutheni siyibona ngendlela enye okanye enye.
umbala wolwandle
Amanzi acocekileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo, akanambala. Kodwa nangona kunjalo, ukuba sijonga ubunzulu ekungafikeleliyo lula ekukhanyeni, kubonakala kuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Iliso lomntu liqulethe iiseli inokubona imitha ye-electromagnetic radiation enobude bamaza phakathi kwe-380 kunye ne-700 nanometers. Kolu luhlu, ubude bamaza ahlukeneyo buhambelana nemibala eyahlukeneyo esiyibona kumnyama.
Iimolekyuli zamanzi zifunxa ngcono ukukhanya okufikelela kumaza amade, oko kukuthi, obomvu, o-orenji, tyheli, noluhlaza. Emva koko, kuphela blue eseleyo kwaye ubude bufutshane. Ekubeni ukukhanya okuluhlaza kungafane kuthabatheke, kufikelela kubunzulu obunzulu, nto leyo eyenza amanzi abonakale eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Imalunga nefiziksi. Kodwa ibhayoloji nayo ibalulekile, kuba ziintsholongwane ezincinci ezibizwa ngokuba yiphytoplankton ezinempembelelo enkulu kumbala wolwandle.
Iinkqubo zebhayoloji ezichaphazela umbala wolwandle
Ngokufuthi ezi zincinane kunenaliti, ezi algae zineseli enye zisebenzisa ibala eliluhlaza ukubamba amandla elanga, ukuguqula amanzi kunye nekharbon diokside zibe zizinto eziphilayo ezenza imizimba yabo. Ngale photosynthesis, banoxanduva lokuvelisa malunga nesiqingatha seoksijini esiyisebenzisayo thina bantu.
Ngokusisiseko, i-phytoplankton ifunxa imitha ye-electromagnetic ebomvu nebhlowu kwindawo ebonakalayo, kodwa ibonakalisa uhlaza, nto leyo ecacisa ukuba kutheni amanzi abahlala kuwo ebonakala eluhlaza. Ukugqiba umbala wolwandle ayisiyonto nje yobuhle.
Izazinzulu bezibeke esweni iilwandle ngoncedo lweesathelayithi ukusukela ngo-1978, kwaye ngelixa imifanekiso inexabiso lobuhle, isebenza enye injongo: ingasetyenziselwa ukufunda ungcoliseko kunye nephytoplankton. Utshintsho kwixabiso lezi zinto zimbini, kunye nokuba zinyuka kangakanani okanye ziyancipha kangakanani, zinokubonelela ngeempawu zokufudumala kwehlabathi. Okukhona kukho iiphytoplankton phezu komphezulu wolwandle, kokukhona iphuma ikharbon diokside emoyeni. Kodwa izazinzulu ziwubona njani umbala weelwandle neelwandlekazi?
Izifundo zesayensi
Eyona ndlela isetyenziswa kakhulu ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa kweesathelayithi ezinezixhobo zokulinganisa ubunzulu bokukhanya okubonakalayo emanzini. Uninzi lokukhanya kwelanga kufutshane nomphezulu wolwandle lubanjwa ngamasuntswana omoya. Eminye ifakwe kakuhle okanye isasazwe emanzini. Kodwa malunga neepesenti ezili-10 zokukhanya kubuyela emoyeni kwaye mhlawumbi kubuyela kwisathelayithi, elinganisa ubungakanani bokukhanya. ifumaneka kumbala oluhlaza okanye oblowu wespectrum. Iikhompyutha zisebenzisa le datha ukuqikelela ubungakanani beklorofili emanzini. Uphononongo lombala wolwandle lukwanike iziphumo ezibaluleke ngakumbi.
Kunyaka ophelileyo, abaphandi base-US bapapashe uphando olubonisa ukuba Amanqanaba eChlorophyll kwiilwandlekazi zehlabathi atshintshile phakathi ko-1998 no-2012. Akukho mikhwa ibonwe kuphononongo, kodwa utshintsho lombala olubhalwe ngeesathelayithi lubonise ukuba amanqanaba e-chlorophyll awela kwiindawo ezisemantla kwaye aphakama kwiindawo ezisemazantsi.
Oku kukhokelele ukuba abanye bakholelwe ukuba imimandla ephantsi ye-chlorophyll yolwandle eyaziwa ngokuba “ziintlango zaselwandle” iyakhula ngenxa yokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu olwandle. Kodwa abanye bathi akukabikho datha yaneleyo yokubonisa indlela ukufudumala kwehlabathi okuchaphazela ngayo amanqanaba e-phytoplankton elwandle, enokutshintsha ngokwemvelo kwimijikelo yeminyaka eyi-15 okanye ngaphezulu.
Olunye uphando lucebisa ukuba izazinzulu ziya kufuneka zibeke iliso kumbala wolwandle ngaphezulu kweminyaka engama-40 ukwenza izigqibo. Kungoko kuphela apho siya kukwazi ukubona ukuba umbala wolwandle utshintshe ukusa kuwuphi umkhamo. Ke ngoko ukwazi ukuba abantu banempembelelo kumanqanaba eplankton ekhoyo, kwaye ke ngoko kumjikelo wekhabhoni.
Ulwandle luya kuba yintoni umbala ngonyaka wama-2100?
Ukufudumala kolwandle kuguqula ukujikeleza kolwandle kunye nenxalenye yamanzi anzulu anyukela phezulu. IPhytoplankton idinga ukukhanya (amandla ayo) kunye nezondlo. Uninzi lwezi zondlo ziphuma enzulwini. Utshintsho olubangelwa kukufudumala lukhokelele ekufikeni kwezakhamzimba ezimbalwa emhlabeni, ngoko ke iiphytoplankton zisenokwehla kwiindawo ezininzi zolwandle.
Umbala wolwandle uxhomekeke kwindlela imitha yelanga edibana ngayo nokwakheka kwamanzi. Kwakhona, iimolekyuli zamanzi zifunxa phantse konke ukukhanya kwelanga ngaphandle kweblue, ngoko okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubonakala.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akukho manzi kuphela elwandle, kodwa kunye nezityalo, i-microorganisms kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo. Omnye umzekelo yi<em>phytoplankton, ene<em>chlorophyll, ibala eliluhlaza nelikwaziyo ukufunxa ukukhanya kwelanga elifunwa zizityalo ukuze zenze ukutya. Kwakhona, ukukhanya okuninzi okubonakaliswa yiphytoplankton kuluhlaza. Kungenxa yesi sizathu ukuba iindawo ezininzi zolwandle zine-hue eluhlaza.
Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ulwandle lufudumala, ezinye iiphytoplankton zisenokuphela, ezinye zichume, ukanti ezinye zinokufudukela kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo. Ubushushu bukwachaphazela izinga lokukhula kwe-phytoplankton. Ezinye iintlobo eziqhelaniswe namanzi ashushu zikhawuleza kunezinye eziqhelaniswe namanzi abandayo. Ngoko ke, kwiindawo ezinamanzi afudumeleyo, kunokubakho izondlo ezininzi, ngoko ke kuya kubakho ukuhluka kwengingqi ekubunjweni, inani, kunye nokusabalalisa uluntu lwe-microbial yaselwandle enemibala yamanzi.
Imibala yemodeli abayisebenzisayo ukufunda indaleko zisetyenziselwe ukuqikelela utshintsho kwi-phytoplankton, ezifana ne-algae yasekhaya iyadubula okanye i-asidi yolwandle.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni umbala wolwandle kwaye zeziphi izinto ezixhomekeke kuzo.