Xa iintaba-mlilo zidubula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ezinye izinto ezibangela ukuba ugqabhuko-dubulo lube neempawu neziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Kule meko, siza kugxila kuhlobo lokuqhuma kwe-strombolian. Intaba-mlilo yaseLa Palma ine-a ukuqhuma kwestrombolian. Ithetha ntoni le nto?
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga nokuqhuma kweStrombolian, iimpawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye nemiphumo.
Yintoni ukuqhuma kwestrombolian
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Strombolian ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo olutshintshana phakathi komsebenzi omkhulu kunye nokuzola. Kukugqabhuka kwentaba-mlilo eqhelekileyo kwiZiqithi zaseCanary, ezifana intaba-mlilo kwisiqithi saseLa Palma, elithatha igama layo ukusuka kwintaba-mlilo iStromboli kwiziqithi ezincinci zeAeolian kufuphi neSicily, eItali.
Ukuqhuma kokuqhuma kwe-Strombolian kuveliswa ngokuqokelelwa kweegesi ezikhutshwe yi-magma ngokwayo njengoko inyuka. Iintaba-mlilo zaseStrombolian zikhafula igesi, uthuthu, udaka lwentaba-mlilo, neebhombu zentaba-mlilo ngamandla kangangokuba zidubule iinduli zentaba-mlilo kumgama oziikhilomitha eziliqela ukuphakama.
Ubushushu be-magma kolu gqabhuko-dubulo lukholisa ukuba malunga newaka leedegrees Celsius.
Iintlobo zogqabhuko-dubulo
Isiqalo sethu sesokuba iintaba-mlilo yinkqubo yendalo entsonkothileyo eqala nzulu ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, apho i-magma yenza kwi-mantle, iqhubeka nokunyuka kuqweqwe, kwaye ikhutshelwa ngaphandle. IMagma ngumxube wamatye anyibilikisiweyo, iigesi, kunye nolwelo oluvela ngaphakathi eMhlabeni. Xa i-magma ifika phezulu, igama layo liba yi-lava. Ayizizo zonke iimagma ezifanayo, kwaye ke, udaka oluvela kwiintaba-mlilo alufani.
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lunamanqanaba awahlukeneyo ogqabhuko-dubulo. Enyanisweni, izazi ngentaba-mlilo zisebenzisa isikali esibizwa ngokuba yiVolcanic Explosivity Index (VIE) ukulinganisa amandla entaba-mlilo. Kukho ii-octave kwesi sikali.
Kuzo zonke iziqhushumbisi eziqhumayo, iigesi kunye ne-pyroclastics zikhutshwe ngobudlova emoyeni, kodwa ngaphakathi kolu luhlu, ezinye zinobundlobongela kunabanye. Ii<em>Strombolians zezona zitshabalalisayo xa sicinga ukuba zinokuvelisa ugqabhuko-dubulo oluyintlekele, olufana nolo lwentaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa ngowe-1883, eyatshabalalisa ichwebakazi laseIndonesia elinegama elifanayo.
Olunye ugqabhuko-dubulo zezi:
- Vulcan: le nto ibonakalayo ngaphezu kokuqhuma kwe-Strombolian, ngoko ke uxinzelelo olungakumbi luyakha kwigumbi le-magma njengoko i-magma iphakama.
- Peleana: yenziwe ngezinto ezibonakalayo ezibonakalayo kuneziqhushumbo zeStrombolian, ezibonakaliswa ngama-avalanche aqaqambileyo othuthu okanye ukuhamba kwe-pyroclastic kunye nokwakhiwa kwe-lava domes kunye ne-pumice cones.
- IPlinian: Ziye ziqhume kakhulu, kunye nokubonakaliswa kobundlobongela kakhulu, ukugxothwa kwemithamo emikhulu yeegesi ze-volcanic, i-debris kunye nomlotha ovela kwi-magma ene-asidi. Iigesi zentaba-mlilo ezizikhuphayo zinetyhefu kakhulu kwaye udaka lwentaba-mlilo lutyebile kwiisiliti. Yafumana igama layo ngembeko kaPliny oMdala, owasweleka ngo-AD 79. C. xa iNtaba iVesuvius yagqabhuka yaza yangcwaba iPompeii. Yayilugqabhuko-dubulo lokuqala olunjalo oluchazwe yaye lwenziwa ngumtshana kaPliny oMdala uPliny Omncinane.
Imingcipheko ye-Strombolian Rash
Kukho iindidi ngeendidi zogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo, ngokuxhomekeke kugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kunye nokuqukuqela kwentaba-mlilo.
Uphawu lwentaba-mlilo iStrombolian kukuba olu gqabhuko-dubulo luphambuka manqaphanqapha, ngokuqhelekileyo alunabundlobongela kakhulu, kwaye udaka lwentaba-mlilo aluqhumi ngokuqhubekayo. Iintaba-mlilo zikhupha imathiriyeli yepyroclastic (umxube oshushu werhasi, uthuthu, namaqhekeza amatye) kwiintanda ezisemhlabeni. Ubude bayo bunokuhluka ukusuka kwiiveki ezimbalwa ukuya kwiinyanga ezininzi.
Iivolcano ze-Strombolian zihlala zifikelela kubude obufikelela kwi-1.000 yeemitha kwaye zikhuphe ngaphezu kwe-10.000 ye-cubic metres yemathiriyeli. Ukongeza kwii-strombolians, iingcali zihlula ezinye iindidi ezintlanu zokuqhuma. Owona mngcipheko uncinci wentaba-mlilo yintaba-mlilo yaseHawaii, enemathiriyeli encinci yepyroclastic, engenakho naluphi na uqhushumbo, kwaye udaka lumanzi. Eyesibini yi-vulcanian, ikhupha amafu amakhulu ezinto ze-pyroclastic kunye nezixa ezikhulu zothuthu lwentaba-mlilo.
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwePlinian, kwelinye icala, lolona lumangalisayo (kwaye loyikeka), ngoqhushumbo olunobundlobongela kakhulu, uthuthu oluninzi kunye nodaka oluncangathi oluninzi. I-Magma inokudilika iincopho zeentaba kwaye yenze imingxuma. Kwelinye icala, ezo lavas zodidi lwePeleano zaqina ngokukhawuleza, zenza iplagi kwi crater. Ekugqibeleni, ukuqhuma kwe-hydrovolcanic kwenzeka ngenxa yokusebenzisana kwe-magma kunye namanzi.
imiba enzulu
Ukudubula okukodwa kudla ngokukhupha umthamo we-pyroclastic ukusuka kwi-0,01 ukuya kwi-50 cubic metres. kwizantya zokukhupha eziguquguqukayo ukusuka kwi-104 ukuya kwi-106 kg / s. Xa umsebenzi wogqabhuko-dubulo uthatha ixesha elide, izinto ezityebileyo kwindawo ekufutshane zihlala zenza iicones ezinokufikelela kubude obungamakhulu aliqela eemitha. I-Lava spatter, iidiphozithi zebhombu kunye neebhloko zihlala zibonwa ngokusondeleyo kwimibhobho kunye nothuthu lwediphozithi kwiindawo ezimgama ophakathi.
Ngenxa yotshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwiipateni zogqabhuko-dubulo kunye nokwahlukahlukana kokusasazeka kothuthu lwentaba-mlilo, amalungu asondeleyo kunye nakude kwidiphozithi yeCascade anokubonisa ilitye elibiziweyo, elinemibhobho yothuthu lwentaba-mlilo kunye nelitye, ngelixa iinxalenye ze-nascent zibonisa amaqamza erhasi kunye notshintsho kwikristale.
Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Strombolian oluhlala ixesha elifutshane olukhuliswa yi-basaltic magma, olufana nolo lwabonwa kwi-volcano yaseLlaima ngoMeyi 1994, lwakhupha uthuthu olucolekileyo lwentaba-mlilo ukuze lwenze imilo equka uthuthu olumnyama kunye ne-angular morphologies, iglasi, iikristale zeplagioclase, iolivine, kunye neeoksidi. titanium.
Njengomzekelo wogqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Stromboli olwaqhubeka lusenza ii-cinder cones ekuhambeni kwexesha, i-iconic kwaye ibhalwe kakuhle kwi-South America yi-1988-89 yeKrisimesi yokudubula. Kukho izazinzulu eziye zafunda ngokubanzi ukuguquka komjikelezo wokuqhuma kunye neempawu zezinto ezikhutshiweyo, ezokugqibela zihambelana ne: 1) umlotha we-volcanic owenziwe ngokukodwa kwi-scoria engaqhelekanga kunye nomlinganiselo ophantsi we-crystals; 2) i-subspherical to irregular 3) I-Bombas kunye ne-metric, yandisa ngokusondeleyo (<2km) kwi-duct, kunye ne-fusiform, i-flattened subspherical, i-braided, kunye ne-morphologies engaqhelekanga kunye ne-flattened; 4) Zimbalwa kakhulu iibhloko zomlinganiswa owenziwe ngengozi kunye nezincedisi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuqhuma kweStrombolian kunye neempawu zayo.