Namhlanje siza kuthetha malunga nolwakhiwo lweemolekyuli ezisetyenzisiweyo kwilizwe lefiziksi kwaye inezicelo ezinkulu. Imalunga ne- ukugcwalisa. Kwaye lolwesithathu ulwakhiwo oluzinzileyo lweemolekyuli zekhabhoni ezaziwayo namhlanje. Ingathatha ukujikeleza, okweqanda, ityhubhu okanye umsesane. Kwafunyanwa phantse ngengozi ngo-1985.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu, ukufunyanwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kweeflerenes.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Fullerenes yafunyanwa ngoososayensi UHarold Kroto, uRobert Curl noRichard Smalley ngo-1985 e-US Baphantse bafunyanwa ngengozi kodwa benza ukuba bafumane ibhaso leNobel kwiKhemistry ngo-1996. Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi lafakwa ngo-1990 laza kamva lapapashwa. Ezi zizinto ezitsha ezizinzileyo zemolekyuli zekhabhoni. Ngapha koko, baziwa njengohlobo lwesithathu oluzinzileyo lweemolekyuli zecarbon emva kwedayimane kunye negraphite.
I-Fullerenes yavela ngenxa yovavanyo olwenziwe ngeemolekyuli zekhabhoni. Ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi elibenziweyo libhekisa kwindlela yokuqala yokuvelisa ubuninzi bezinto sele ziye ekufumaneni into ngokwazo. Oko kwazanywa ukwenza patent indlela yokwenza izixa ezikhulu kwi-fullerene ukuze uzuze kuyo.
Ngaloo nyaka kwenziwa iimvavanyo ezahlukeneyo. KwiYunivesithi yaseRice eHouston, uHarold Kroto weDyunivesithi yaseSouthampton kunye noRichard Smalley noRobert Curl waseRice, benze ulingelo olusekwe ekuzameni ukulinganisa zonke iimeko ezenzeka kufutshane nenkwenkwezi. Injongo yolu vavanyo yayikukukwazi ukuba zenziwa njani iimolekyuli ezinkulu emajukujukwini. Ukwenza oku, badubula i-laser umqadi onamandla kwindawo yekhabhoni phambi kwegesi ye helium. Ekuqaleni kwavavanywa nge-hydrogen kunye ne-nitrogen kodwa ekugqibeleni kuphela nge-nitrogen.
Nje ukuba umqadi we-laser uxutywe kumphezulu wekhabhoni kubukho be-helium, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqaphele indlela icarbon yegesi edityaniswe ne-helium yokwenza amaqela. Irhasi kuye kwafuneka ipholile kufutshane ne-zero ukuze kwenziwe uhlalutyo lweqela. Bafike baba yi-C60, oko kuthetha ukuba zingama-60 iiathom zekhabhon kwimolekyuli enye. Ngelo xesha, izazinzulu zazingazange zibone into enje. Kwaye sisakhiwo esingqukuva esikhumbuza ibuckminster Fuller's geodeic vault, kungoko igama le-fullerenes.
Ukusetyenziswa kweefullrenes
Kuba bengakwazi ukuphinda baphinde basebenzise ikhompyuter, kuye kwafuneka babhenele ephepheni, kwizikere, nakwiteyiphu. Yile ndlela okubhaptizwa ngayo le ngxube njengama-fullerenes. Siyazi ukuba iiathom zekhabhon zidibene kunye kwaye zinokudibanisa ukwenza amakhonkco e-polymer amade. Ezi polima zihlala zisetyenziswa kwiimveliso ezinje ngeekomityi zeplastiki kunye neebhotile.
Enye yeepropathi ezimangalisayo ze-fullerenes kukuba ezinye zazo zinee-elektroni ezivela kwiiathom ezingafakwanga ndawo. Kunokuthiwa indlela eziziphethe ngayo ezi elektronon ingathi khange ziqonde ukuba ziyinxalenye yesakhiwo sekhabhoni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngolu hlobo lokuziphatha, kunokwenzeka ukongeza ezinye iiathom ngokulula ukwakha ii-superconductors okanye i-insulator. Emva kokwenza ilungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza, iingxelo ezininzi zabhalwa malunga ne-fullerenes kunye nezinto ezinokubakho.
Nangona ezi khompawundi zisentsha ngokufanelekileyo, izazinzulu ziza nezimvo ezahlukileyo ezibonakala ngathi ziyayitshintsha indlela ezakhiwe ngayo iiflerenes ukuze zenze imicu emihle engenanto ilifa 200 amaxesha eqine sentsimbi. Kubonakala ngathi enye yokusetyenziswa kwe-fullerene kukwenza ii-tweezers ezincinci ukuqokelela amaqela eemolekyuli okanye izikhongozeli ezisebenza ukuthwala izixa ezincinci zeziyobisi okanye amakhaka ngokuchasene ne-radioactivity. Inokuguqulwa ibe ziikheyiji ezisebenza ukuba ziqulathe iimolekyuli ezivumela ezinye ezinobungakanani obuncinci ukuba zidlule. Ukuba ezinye iintlobo zeeathom zongezwa, iimpawu ezithile zinokufumaneka, njengokulinganisa ukuxhathisa kombane.
Iipropathi zeeflerenes
Ezi zizakhiwo ezingenanto ezinokuthi zenziwe kwindalo ngenxa yomlilo okanye umbane. Ukuba sibahlalutya ngokwasemzimbeni, siyabona ukuba bakwimo yomgubo omthubi. Uphawu lwayo lwenzululwazi yi-C60 kwaye ibhekisa kwinani leeathom zekhabhon ezikwiimolekyuli ezifanayo. Bayakwazi ukukhubazeka kodwa babuyele kwimo yabo yoqobo xa uxinzelelo abaphantsi kwabo luqala ukwehla.
Uncedo lwee-fullerenes kunye nemfuno yamalungelo abenzi kukuba zichasene kakhulu. Kwaye kukuba ukutshabalalisa la masuntswana, amaqondo obushushu angaphezulu kwe-1000 ayafuneka. La maqondo obushushu awanakufikeleleka ngokulula yonke imihla. Ngokumila okuvaliweyo kunye nokulinganayo, inika uxinzelelo olukhulu kuxinzelelo. Iyakwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo lwe-3000 atmospheres.
Phakathi kweepropathi zeeflerenes sibona iipropathi zazo zokuthambisa. Umthamo wokuthambisa unikezelwa yimikhosi ebuthathaka yeemolekyuli. Iimolekyuli zayo zinokuxinana ukuze zenze okuqinileyo kunye nokuqina okuzinzileyo kunye nokubuthathaka. Esi siqina saziwa ngegama le-fullerite. Ukuba sikubhengeza okugcweleyo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu siyabona ukuba banako ukuthambisa ngaphandle kokuphulukana namacandelo. Iimolekyuli zayo zine-electronegative kwaye zenza iibhondi ezinee-atom ezinikezela ngee-elektroni.
Singagqiba kwelokuba i-fullerenes zizinto ezintsha ezivelisa iinkqubo ezihambelana kakhulu kwaye zibangela umdla omkhulu kuluntu lwenzululwazi. Ingakumbi oku Inzala igxile kwimbono ye-superconductivity. Ukuqhubeka ngokuqhubekayo lonke uphando ngezi zinto lunokuphucula itekhnoloji yangoku yokuvelisa izinto eziluncedo zexesha elizayo.
Njengoko ubona, kwinzululwazi izinto ezinomdla kakhulu zinokufunyanwa njengesiphumo seempazamo okanye ukulandela iinjongo ezahlukeneyo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolwazi olunje ungafunda ngakumbi malunga neempawu kunye neempawu zabo.