Umoya wethu une maleko ahlukeneyo apho kukho iigesi ezahlukileyo zokwenziwa ezahlukeneyo. Uluhlu ngalunye lweatmosfera lunomsebenzi walo kunye neempawu zalo ezenza lwahluke kwezinye.
Sinayo troposphere Ngumaleko womoya esihlala kuwo nalapho kwenzeka khona zonke iimeko zemozulu, stratosphere Ngumaleko womoya ojikeleze umaleko weozone, umhlaba apho ukukhanya okusemantla kwenzeka kwaye ubushushu Umda kumda ongaphandle kwaye apho iqondo lobushushu liphezulu kakhulu. Kule posi siza kugxila kwi-stratosphere kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kubomi kwiplanethi yethu.
Iimpawu zeStratosphere
I-stratosphere iphakamile malunga ne-10-15 km ukuphakama kwaye ifikelela kwi-45-50 km. Iqondo lobushushu kwi-stratosphere liyahluka ngale ndlela ilandelayo: okokuqala, kuqala ngokuzinza (kuba ifunyenwe kwindawo eziphakamileyo kufutshane ne-tropopause apho iqondo lobushushu lihlala lilingana) kwaye liphantsi kakhulu. Njengokuba sonyuka kwindawo ephezulu, ubushushu be stratosphere buyanda, njengoko buthabatha ngakumbi nangakumbi ngemitha yelanga. Ukuziphatha kweqondo lobushushu kwi-troposphere kusebenza ngokuchasene noko kwenziwa troposphere apho sihlala khona, oko kukuthi, endaweni yokwehla ngobude, iyanda.
Kwi stratosphere akukho nkqubela yokuhamba nkqo yomoya, kodwa imilo ethe tyaba inokufikelela kwi-200 km / h rhoqo. Ingxaki ngalo moya yile nayiphi na into efikelela kwi-stratosphere isasazeka kuyo yonke iplanethi. Umzekelo woku zii-CFC. Ezi gesi zidibene neklorine kunye nefluorine zitshabalalisa i-ozone layer kwaye zisasazeka kwiplanethi yonke ngenxa yomoya onamandla ovela kwi-stratosphere.
Akunakubakho naliphi na ilifu okanye olunye ulwakhiwo lwemozulu kwi-stratosphere. Ngamanye amaxesha abantu bahlala bedida ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu be stratosphere nokusondela kwawo kwiLanga. Kusengqiqweni ukucinga ukuba ukusondela kwelanga kuya kuba shushu ngakumbi. Nangona kunjalo, oku akunjalo. Kwi-stratosphere esinokudibana nayo umaleko odumileyo weozone. Umaleko we-ozone ngokwawo awunguwo "umaleko", kodwa yindawo yomoya apho ukuxinana kwale gesi kuphakame kakhulu kunakwimeko-bume eseleyo. Iimolekyuli zeOzone zinoxanduva lokufunxa imitha yelanga esisibetha ngokuthe ngqo elangeni kwaye ivumela ubomi eMhlabeni. Ezi molekyuli zifunxa imitha yelanga ye-ultraviolet ziguqula loo mandla abe bubushushu kwaye, yiyo loo nto ubushushu be stratosphere bonyuka ngobude.
Kuba kukho indawo yetropop apho umoya uzinzile kakhulu kwaye akukho msinga womoya, ukutshintshiselana kwamasuntswana phakathi kwetroposphere kunye ne stratosphere kuphantse kwaba zero. Ngesi sizathu akukho mphunga wamanzi kwi-stratosphere. Oku kuthetha ukuba amafu akwi-stratosphere ayenzeka kuphela ukuba kuyabanda kangangokuba isixa esincinci samanzi esele sikhona siyadibana kwaye senze iikristali zomkhenkce. Babizwa ngokuba ngamafu e-ice crystal kwaye ababangeli mvula.
Ekupheleni kwe-stratosphere yindawo yokuma kwendawo. Yindawo yomoya apho Ukuxinana okuphezulu kwe-ozone kuyaphela kwaye iqondo lobushushu liyazinza (malunga ne-0 degrees centigrade). Istratopause yeyona inika indlela kwi-mesosphere.
Njengomdla, ziimichiza ezinobomi obude kuphela ezinokufikelela kwi-stratosphere. Ngoku ewe, bakuba bekhona, banokuhlala ixesha elide. Umzekelo, izinto ezikhutshwe ziintaba-mlilo ezinkulu ziyakwazi ukuhlala kwi-stratosphere phantse iminyaka emibini.
Uluhlu lweozone
Uluhlu lweozone ayisoloko inezinga elifanayo lale gesi kude nayo. Kwi-stratosphere, ukuyilwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa okuqhubekayo kwe-ozone kwenzeka ngaxeshanye. Ukuze i-ozone yenze, imitha yelanga kufuneka yaphule imolekyuli yeoksijini (O2) kwiiathom ezimbini zeoksijini (O). Enye yezi atom xa udibana nenye imolekyuli yeoksijini iyasabela ukwenza i-ozone (O3).
Le yindlela ezenziwa ngayo iimolekyuli zeozone. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwendalo, kanye njengokuba zenziwe, zitshatyalaliswa yimitha yelanga. Imitha yokukhanya okuvela eLangeni iwela kwimolekyuli ye-ozone kwaye iyitshabalalise kwakhona ukubangela imolekyuli yeoksijini (O2) kunye neatom yeoksijini (O). Ngoku iathom yeoksijini iyadibana nenye imolekyuli yeozone ukwenza iimolekyuli ezimbini zeoksijini, njalo njalo. Ngumjikelo wendalo ophakathi kokusekwa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweemolekyuli ze-ozone. Ngale ndlela, olu luhlu lweegesi lunokufumana isixa esikhulu semitha eyingozi ye-ultraviolet kwaye lusikhusele.
Oku kuye kwenzeka ixesha elide. Umjikelo apho uxinzelelo lwe-ozone lwalugcinwe kwindawo ezinzileyo kunye noxinzelelo rhoqo ekuhambeni kwexesha. Nangona kunjalo, ikhona enye indlela yokutshabalalisa i-ozone emoyeni. IChlorofluorocarbons (ii-CFC) zizinzile kakhulu emoyeni kwaye ke zinokufikelela kwi-stratosphere. Ezi gesi zinobomi obude ngokwaneleyo, kodwa xa zifika kwi-stratosphere, imitha ye-ultraviolet evela eLangeni iyazitshabalalisa iimolekyuli, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ii-chlorine radicals ezisebenza kakhulu. Ezi radicals zisebenzayo zitshabalalisa iimolekyuli ze-ozone, ke isixa se-ozone esitshatyalalisiweyo sisonke sikhulu kakhulu kuneso sivelisiweyo. Ngale ndlela ulungelelwaniso phakathi kokuveliswa kunye nokutshatyalaliswa kweemolekyuli zeozone ezinako ukufunxa imitha yelanga eyingozi kuthi yaphulwe.
Iziphumo zomngxunya kumaleko weozone
Ngelishwa, ngaphambili esi sihloko besingaziwa ngeenkcukacha ezinjalo, ukuze kwimisebenzi yabantu (ukusetyenziswa kwe-chlorofluorocarbon aerosols) bakwazile ukufikelela kwi-stratosphere Amanani amakhulu e-chlorine kunye ne-bromine etshabalalisa iimolekyuli ze-ozone. Kuba impendulo ifuna ukukhanya kunye nokwakheka kwamafu asepolar kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu, awona manqanaba asezantsi e-ozone ayenzeka entwasahlobo ye-Antarctica kunye neefom ze-ozone ikakhulu kwi-Antarctica. Le mingxunya ye-ozone ibangela ukuba imitha ye-ultraviolet ifikelele kumhlaba kwaye ikhawuleze inyibilikise.
Ebantwini, ukuthotywa komaleko weozone ibangele ukwanda kweziganeko zomhlaza wolusu ngenxa yemali enkulu yelanga efikelela kuthi. Izityalo nazo ziyachaphazeleka, ngakumbi ezo ziyakhula kwaye zibuthathaka kwaye zingaphuhlisanga kakhulu iziqu kunye namagqabi.
Iziphumo zeenqwelomoya kwi-stratosphere
Iinqwelomoya nazo zibe nefuthe kwi-stratosphere, kuba zihlala zibhabha kubude obuphakathi kwe-10 ne-12 km, okt kufutshane ne-tropopause kunye nesiqalo se-stratosphere. Njengoko ukugcwala komoya kukhulile, ukukhutshwa kwekhabhoni dayoksayidi (CO2), umphunga wamanzi (i-H2O), i-nitrogen oxides (NOx), i-sulfur oxides (SOx) kunye ne-soot ziye zanda kwi-atmosfera phakathi kwe-troposphere ephezulu kunye stratosphere esezantsi.
Namhlanje, Iinqwelomoya zibangela kuphela phakathi kwe-2 kunye ne-3% yezinto ezikhutshwayo. Oku akubalulekanga kangako ngokubhekiselele kushushu lwehlabathi nokuba. Nangona kunjalo, eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ngeenqwelomoya kukuba iigesi abazikhuphileyo zenza njalo kwindawo ephezulu yetroposphere. Oku kubangela ukuba umphunga wamanzi okhutshiweyo wandise amathuba wokwenza amafu e-cirrus agcina ubushushu ngakumbi eMhlabeni kunye negalelo kufudumezo lwehlabathi.
Kwelinye icala, ii-nitrogen oxides ezikhutshwa ziinqwelomoya ziyingozi, kuba zinxulumene nokunyamalala kwe-ozone kwi-stratosphere. Kuya kufuneka sicinge ukuba nangona iigesi zegreenhouse ezikhutshwa ziinqwelomoya zingenabo ubomi obude kakhulu ukufikelela kwi-stratosphere, zinokukwenza oko, kuba zikhutshwa kwindawo ekufutshane kakhulu kuyo.
Iminqweno yestratosphere
Lo maleko womoya ojikeleze umhlaba unezinto ezithile ezingasothusa. Phakathi kwezo minqweno zezi:
- Ukuxinana komoya i-10% isezantsi ukuba phezu komhlaba
- Amaqondo obushushu kumanqanaba asezantsi ajikeleze -56 degrees ngokomndilili kwaye imisinga yomoya ifikelela kwiikhilomitha ezingama-200 ngeyure.
- Kukho iingxelo eziqinisekisa oko ubukho beentsholongwane ezincinci uhlala kwi-stratosphere. Ezi ntsholongwane kukholelwa ukuba zivela emajukujukwini. Zizityalo zebhaktiriya, izinto ezinganyangekiyo ezinokuthi zenze umaleko wokuzikhusela kwaye zingasinda kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi, iimeko ezomileyo kunye namanqanaba aphezulu emitha efumaneka kwi-stratosphere.
Njengoko ubona, iatmosfera inemisebenzi emihle yethu kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo ezihlala kwiplanethi yethu. I-stratosphere iqulethe into eyimfuneko ukuze siphile kwaye, nangona iphakame ngeemayile, kufuneka sikhusele.