Xa inyikima isenzeka, kufuneka sazi ukuba zithini iirekhodi zayo ukuze sikwazi ukubamba ukuba kungakho ukulandela okulandelayo. Indawo apho ukuhamba komhlaba kubhalwe khona yi seismogram. I-seismogram ligrafu apho kurekhodwa khona iirekhodi. Umsebenzi ophambili we-seismograph kukulinganisa isantya kunye nohlobo lwenyikima eveliswe ngexesha lenyikima.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela indlela i-seismogram esebenza ngayo kwaye yintoni ukubaluleka kweerekhodi zenyikima.
Yenzeka njani inyikima
Into yokuqala eyenzekayo kukwazi ukuba inyikima yenziwa njani. Njengoko sisazi, uqweqwe lomhlaba lwahlulwe langamacwecwe eteknoloji. Unxibelelwano phakathi kwala macwecwe eteknoloji ngoyena nobangela weenyikima. Nangona kunjalo, ayisiyiyo kuphela. Nayiphi na inkqubo enokuphumeza isixa esikhulu samandla equlethwe ematyeni yanele ukuvelisa iinyikima. Ubungakanani bezo nyikima ziya kuxhomekeka kwindawo yoxinzelelo kunye nezinye izinto.
Siza kuthetha ngoku malunga nezinto ezinokubangela inyikima:
- Amacwecwe eTectonic: Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho iinyikima ezininzi ezivela ekufudukeni kwezinye iitectonic plates ezakha umhlaba. Ezi nyikima zivelisa iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza arekhodwe sisismografi kwaye afakwa kwisismogram. Ngokwesiqhelo ezi nyikima zichaphazela indawo ezinkulu zomhlaba kwaye yeyona idla ngokubangela iingxaki.
- Intaba-mlilo: yimvelaphi encinci kodwa inokubangela inyikima. Ukuba ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lunobundlobongela, lunokubangela izothuso ezinkulu ezichaphazela zonke iindawo ezikufutshane. Nangona inokuvelisa iinyikima, inkundla yokusebenza kwayo incinci kakhulu ukuba siyayithelekisa naleyo yemvelaphi yetectonic.
- Ngokutshona: Ukuba intshukumo eqhubekayo yokukhukuliseka kwamanzi omhlaba yenzekile ngaphakathi kuqweqwe, ziye zishiye ikhefu kwaye ziphele ngokuyeka ubunzima benxalenye ephezulu. Ukuwa komhlaba kuvelisa ukungcangcazela okubizwa ngokuba yinyikima. Ukuhamba rhoqo kuncinci kwaye kuyabachaphazela ubuncinci kakhulu.
- Ukuwa komhlaba: Kungenzeka kwakhona ukuba ubunzima beentaba buqu buza kuvelisa iinyikima zomhlaba ngokubangela ukuqhekeka komhlaba kunye neempazamo. Ngokuqhelekileyo ayizonyikima ezinkulu, kodwa ngamaza amancinci.
- Ukuqhuma kweatom: Zenziwa ngexesha lolingo lomntu kwiibhombu zeatom. Kuyabonakala ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba kukho unxibelelwano phakathi kweentshukumo zenyikima kunye nokuqhushumba kweebhombu zeatom.
Yintoni isismogram
Xa inyikima iqala ukuthumela amaza avela kwiziko le-hypo ukuya kwi-epicenter, isixhobo esaziwa njenge seismograph sinoxanduva lokulinganisa ubukhulu bamaza. Irekhodi lawo onke amaza enyikima aqatshelwe kwisismogram. I-Seismogram inokuqokelela lonke ulwazi lwenyikima. Iiyure, ubungqongqo, isantya kunye nomgama apho inyikima yenzeka khona kubhalwe kuwo.
Kuba isantya seentlobo ezahlukeneyo zamaza zahlukile, banokunika ulwazi olukhulu malunga nenyikima uqobo. Amaza e-P ngawona aphambili anesantya esikhulu. Amaza e-S ngalawo ahamba ngesantya esisezantsi. Abizwa ngokuba ngamaza omhlaba. Ukwahlula phakathi kwesantya soluhlobo ngalunye lwamaza sisetyenziselwa ukumisela indawo ekugxilwe kuyo yinyikima.
Indlela esiyilinganisela ngayo inyikima
Amandla enyikima ahamba ngohlobo lokungcangcazela. Amaza enyikima abhalisiwe ngenxa yesismografi. Esi sixhobo siza kubonisa ubungqongqo nobukhulu bokungcangcazela kwamaza enyikima. I-seismogram ikhomba uthotho lwee-zig-zags ephepheni apho, ekugqibeleni, Bonke ubungqingqwa bamaza ayinyikima baya kumelwa.
Kulapho sinokubona khona ixesha, indawo kunye nobukhulu benyikima esekwe kulwazi olutyhilwe sisismogram. Ingabonisa ulwazi malunga nohlobo lwerwala apho amaza enyikima adlula khona.
Imilinganiselo ene-seismogram yeyesikali sikaRichter. Eli nqanaba lokudalwa lenziwa ngo-1935 ngu-seismologist uCharles Richter kunye namaxabiso asusela ku-1 ukuya esiphelweni esivulekileyo. Le milinganiselo yobungakanani. Inoxanduva lokulinganisa amandla enyikima akhutshwa kwinyikima nganye nokuba ithini na. Umlinganiso wayo usekwe ikakhulu kubungakanani bomtshangatshangiso orekhodwe sisismogram.
Kude kube namhlanje, le yeyona ndlela yaziwayo neyona isetyenzisiweyo yokuhlela iinyikima. Kwithiyori akukho mida kweli nqanaba, kodwa isikali se-9 sele sithetha ukutshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo. Eyona nyikima inkulu yenzekileyo embalini yenzeka eChile ngo-1960 yaza yafikelela kuma-9.5 kwisikali sikaRichter.
Iisismograms zirekhoda ukuhamba kwendalo okanye okwenziweyo komhlaba. Le ntshukumo yendalo ingenxa yokuhamba kwelizwekazi kumacwecwe eteknoloji. Zombini ukungqubana, ukungqubana phakathi kwezinto ezijikelezileyo namhlanje kukuqhekeka kwezixhobo kukhupha amandla ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ezi fom zihlala ziqhutywa ngamaza enyikima. Isantya esihamba ngaso esi sithuba sinokuba lolona lwazi lukhulu lokwazi i-hypocenter yenyikima. Zonke ezi zinto zinokubonakala kwisismogram.
Iseismometer inamacandelo amabini: ethe tyaba kunye nkqo. Iyakwazi ukubhalisa umqondiso ngamacandelo ayo amabini ukongeza kwisithathu esime nkqo. Injongo yamandla misela isantya esifanelekileyo samaza enyikima kwaye ubenako ukuyifumana ngokufanelekileyo i-hypocenter yenyikima. Ukwazi i-hypocenter yenyikima, kunokwenzeka ukuba wazi ukuba indawo ebanzi iya kubekwa nkqo.
Seismogram kunye nerekhodi
Ngeseismogram, isantya samaza enyikima anokubonwa, aqhele ukuba ngamaza omhlaba okanye amaza omzimba (amaza e-P kunye namaza e-S). Amaza okuqala abhalisiweyo yi-P kuba yeyona inesantya esiphezulu.
Ngokwentlobo yesiganeko senyikima kukho iintlobo ezininzi zenyikima. Kukho iisismograms ze iziganeko zengingqi, zengingqi, zeteleseism, uqhushumbo lwenyukliya, iinyikima ezinkulu, intshukumo yentaba-mlilo kunye neenyikima zomhlaba. Zonke ezi ntlobo zivelisa imiqondiso eyahlukeneyo eneempawu zazo ezinceda i-seismogram ityhile ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwesiganeko esenzekileyo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-seismogram.