Ubume bejoloji kuqweqwe lomhlaba weplanethi yethu ineendlela ezininzi zomhlaba. Enye yazo kukusilela. Esona siphoso saziwayo emhlabeni yi Impazamo yeSan Andreas. Yenye yezona zaziwa kakhulu yenye yezona ndawo zinamandla zokufuduka ekuye zenziwa kwihlabathi liphela kwaye yeyona ibangela rhoqo iinyikima ezikumgangatho ophezulu.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nephutha leSan Andrés, yintoni impazamo kwaye ziziphi iintlobo zeziphene ezikhoyo.
Yintoni ukusilela
Iimpazamo zejoloji ziintanda okanye imimandla eqhekezayo phakathi kwamatye amabini kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Kukuyekiswa okwenziwe kukuqhekeka kwamatye amabini amakhulu ngenxa ye-tectonic force engaphezulu kokungavumi kwabo. Oku kubangela ukutyibilika phakathi komnye nomnye. Ukusilela kunokwenzeka ngokukhawuleza okanye ngokucothayo, kwaye kunokuba yimilimitha ezimbalwa okanye amawaka eekhilomitha.Umzekelo, impazamo yeSan Andreas ithathwa njengesona siphoso siyingozi emhlabeni.
Phambi kokuba kwenzeke nakuphi na ukwakhiwa kumhlaba ongaphuhliswanga, oomhlaba kufuneka bawuhlolisise umhlaba ukuze babone ukuba ukulungele na ukwakhiwa. Ezinye iimpazamo zibonakala ngokucacileyo, kodwa ngokuhamba kwexesha, ezinye iimpazamo zinokungacaci. Nangona ingengabo bonke abachazwa njengabayingozi, ukuhamba kwalo mhlaba "ubomvu" akuqikeleleki.
Unobangela weenyikima
Amandla endalo avela kuqweqwe lomhlaba abangela ukuhamba kweebhloko zamatye okanye indawo ezinkulu zamacwecwe eteknoloji. Imiphetho kunye nokwakheka kwala macwecwe kugcwele amaqhuma, uburhabaxa kunye nokungalingani, okucothisa isantya sentshukumo kunye nokuqokelela amandla.
La mandla aqokelelwe kwinqanaba elithile kufuneka akhululwe, ke uya kuthi gqi ngesiquphe kwaye atyibilike ngenxa yesisindo kunye nomxhuzulane. Ekugqibeleni, Ukucwangciswa kwamacwecwe kumelwe ngamaza enyikima avelisa ukungcangcazela.
Yonke le misebenzi ayisoloko ibonwa lihlabathi langaphandle ngohlobo lweenyikima zomhlaba ezinobundlobongela, ngaphandle kokuba intshukumo iyakhawuleza kwaye ibhloko ityibilika kwiimitha ezimbalwa.
Iindidi zokusilela
Zintathu iintlobo zokusilela emhlabeni. Makhe sibone ukuba zintoni:
- Inverse: Ziziphene zokutyibilika ngokuthe nkqo, umahluko kukuba ibhloko yophahla iya phezulu ngokubhekisele kwenye ibhloko. Amandla aveliswe zezi ntlobo zeziphene makhulu, oko kuthetha ukuba iibhloko zombini zityhalelwene, zenza isikroba se-oblique.
- eqhelekileyoIsilayidi sokuntywilisela apho ibhloko enye isezantsi ngokubhekisele kwenye. Oko kukuthi, kukuhamba nkqo. Ivela kwi-tectonic plate yokuhamba okanye ukwahlula. Ezi ntlobo zeempazamo zihlala zincinci, ngokufuduswa malunga nemitha enye, kodwa kukho ukungafani okwandisa amashumi eekhilomitha.
- Tye okanye uskrole: Njengoko igama libonisa, intshukumo ithe tye, iyahambelana nendlela eya kuyo. Iyakwazi ukuya ngasekunene, ekuthiwa kukujikeleza ngokuchanekileyo, okanye iya ngasekhohlo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-synastral.
Esona siphoso sifundwayo nesaziwa ngokujikeleza okanye ukungahambi kakuhle sisiphoso seSan Andrés, esivelise iinyikima zomhlaba ngenxa yokuhamba ukuya ekunene okanye ekuhambeni kwentshukumo.
Iphutha leSan Andrés
Ngo-Epreli 18, 1906, umhlaba wanikela ingqalelo epheleleyo kwimpazamo yaseSan Andreas. Ukufuduka kwetyala kubangele inyikima enkulu eSan Francisco, eUnited States, ukubulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-3.000.
I-San Andreas Fault yinto enkulu enesiphene kumhlaba, malunga neekhilomitha ezili-1.300 ubude, esusela kwincam esemantla yeGulf of California kwaye idlula entshona California eMelika. Iintshukumo ze-tectonic ezirekhodwe yile mpazamo ineminyaka eli-15 ukuya kwezi-20 ubudala itsala umdla woluntu ngenxa yenyikima. Emva kolo suku ngo-1906, ngo-1989 nango-1994, ukusilela kubonise ngokucacileyo ukuba kuya kuqhubeka kusebenza.
ISan Andrés ayisosiphoso nje. Imele amacwecwe amabini aphambili kuqweqwe loMhlaba: ipleyiti yePasifiki kunye nembasa yomNtla Melika. Ngokungafaniyo ne-United States, ipleyiti yePasifiki isilayida ecaleni. Ke ngoko, yahlulwa njenge-slip okanye ukusilela kokufuduka.
Utshintsho lwempazamo yeSan Andrés
Isiphoso senze utshintsho oluninzi ngexesha lobukho bayo, sihamba kuphela iisentimitha ezimbalwa ngonyaka, kwaye sayothuka kancinci kwi-6.4 m kwinyikima yonyaka we-1906.
Kwezinye izifundo ezikhoyo, impazamo yaseSan Andreas kufutshane naseParkfield, eCalifornia ifunyenwe inenyikima malunga ne-6 degrees minyaka yonke engama-22. Izazinzulu ngenyikima zaxela ukuba iyakwenzeka kanye ngonyaka ka 1993, kodwa zange yenzeke kude kube ngo 2004. Xa kuthethwa ngokwenzululwazi eli linani elisondeleyo, kungoko lendawo yase California yenze uphando olubalulekileyo malunga neenyikima nokuziphatha kwazo.
Ingozi yempazamo yeSan Andreas
ISan Andrés Fault yinxalenye yePacific Ring of Fire, egubungela ngaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-40.000 zeendawo ezinenyikima rhoqo kunye nomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo. Indawo yomlilo okanye isangqa somlilo siphuma eNew Zealand ukuya eMzantsi Melika, ngaphesheya kweJapan ukuya emantla, i-Oletian Trench, kunye naseNtla nakuMbindi Merika.
Kufuphi kakhulu nendawo yeempazamo yaseSan Andreas yiCalifornia, kunye noluntu oluncinci olunabantu abaphakathi kwezigidi ezingama-38. Iingcali zilumkisa ukuba iinyikima ezibangelwe kukushukuma kweetectonic plate ziya kuba zibi. Nangona kunjalo, abantu kufuneka balungiselele ukungcangcazela okunokubakho rhoqo kunye nokuhamba rhoqo. Ngokufanayo, ezona zakhiwo zale mihla, iibhlorho kunye neendlela ziyakhiwa ukumelana neenyikima kunye nokufunxa amaza enyikima. Akunakwenzeka ukuba uqikelele inyikima, kodwa inyani kukuba iSan Andrés isaphila.
Isoyikiso abaxhalabele ngokuma komhlaba sivela kwicala lasezantsi. Uphando lomhlaba lubonisa ukuba umntla watshabalaliswa ngo-1906 kwaye indawo engumbindi yatshatyalaliswa kwiminyaka engama-160 eyadlulayo, kodwa emazantsi agcina wonke umntu elindile.
Kukho inyikima emazantsi ekude malunga neminyaka eli-150, kodwa phantse iminyaka engama-300 idlulile kungekho ngxelo yentshukumo. Ke ngoko, xa sele ikhutshelwe ngaphandle, ukuqokelelwa kwamandla ngaphantsi kunokuba yingozi. Kwimeko yenyikima enkulu enesikali sikaRichter esingaphezulu kweedigri ezisixhenxe, abantu baseLos Angeles bayakuchaphazeleka kakhulu, ubuncinci ngabantu abangama-2,000 XNUMX abasengozini yokufa.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nesiphoso saseSan Andrés kunye neempawu zayo.