Iimephu kunye neepartografi bezingasoloko zichaziwe njengale nto sinayo namhlanje. Ngaphambi kokuphuhliswa kweemephu zeemephu zanamhlanje, into yokuqala eyayisetyenziselwa ukukhangela yayiziitshathi ze-portulan. Oku kwabizwa portulan. Ezi tshathi zokuhamba zaye zabaluleka kakhulu kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine neyeshumi elinesihlanu zinikwe ukubaluleka kwazo kurhwebo.
Kule nqaku siza kuchaza ukuba yintoni i-portulan kwaye ibaluleke ngantoni ngaphambili.
Yintoni i-portulan
Ezi ziimephu zokuhamba ezazikho mandulo kwaye zanika amandla amakhulu kurhwebo. Ngaphandle kwee-satellites zegps ezinjengezo sinazo namhlanje, ukuhamba ngenqanawa kwakunzima kakhulu. Ukuhambisa iimpahla ukusuka kwenye indawo ukuya kwenye ezahlulwe lulwandle, ezona ndlela zikhawulezayo zaselwandle kwakufuneka zaziwe kwaye konke oku okanye ukubakho kwe portulan kwaququzelelwa.
Ngokukodwa kuLwandle lweMeditera ubukho bePortulans Isitshixo ekuphumeleleni njengoko ivumela oomatiloshe ukuba baziqhelanise basebenzise ikhampasi kunye nokufumana umgama phakathi kwamazibuko kunye neyona mihlaba ibalulekileyo. Ngala maziko kwakunokwenzeka ukwandisa urhwebo ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuba sijonga i-portulan sibona ukuba inembonakalo yemephu eqhelekileyo kunye nekhoyo ngoku. Nangona kunjalo, siyabona ukuba unomahluko obalulekileyo. Eyokuqala kukuba endaweni yezinto ezifanayo kunye nee-meridians zinegridi ejongene nemidlalo ephawulwe yikhampasi. Ukuqaliswa kokufana kunye nabalamli beza kamva kunye nokwaziswa kweemephu zangoku.
Kwelinye icala, nangona iyimephu yesikali, imigama ibonakalisiwe kwiligi.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Kwezi mephu zakudala kukho umzobo wonxweme apho amazibuko abekwe khona ngokuthembeka kwinyani. Kuyinyani ukuba xa ujonga kakuhle uyayibona indlela ezibaxwe ngayo iingozi ezingaselunxwemeni. Nangona kunjalo, oku kwenziwa ngenjongo zokulumkisa iinqanawa kunye nokulumkisa xa ufika elunxwemeni.
Elinye icandelo labemi basePortugal kukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo zokuhombisa zongezwa kuyilo olunikezela ngejografi, ezopolitiko, ezembali kunye nolwazi lwenzululwazi. Umzekelo, Kwakukho amaxesha apho wawunokubona ezinye iindawo ezingakhange zihlolwe. Abazobi beemephu bakwenza oku ngokusekwe kwiinkolelo zabo nakwingqikelelo yezilumko zelo xesha. Oko kukuthi, kunokubakho imihlaba eye yeza ngaphakathi kwethambeka ngaphandle kokubakho.
Ezi tshathi zePortulan yayingamaxwebhu anexabiso elinobuchule kunye nezoqoqosho kwiinkulungwane. Ilungele ipirates ukufumana iindawo zokugqogqa okanye ezifihliweyo. Zathathelwa ingqalelo njengezinto ezidumileyo kwaye zixabise ngakumbi ukubukeka kwazo kunye ne-aesthetics endaweni yexabiso lazo. Njengoko bekulindelwe, babengekho 100% echanekileyo, ke ixabiso labo lobudala begraphic liphantsi kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa neemephu zangoku.
Iindidi ze-portulan
Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo ze-portulan ngokwemvelaphi yazo. Bahlulwe baba ngamaqela amakhulu ama-3 ngokwendawo ebenziwe kuyo: sine-Italiya, iMallorcan kunye nePortugal yasePortugal. Siza kubahlalutya nganye nganye kwaye sizazi zonke iimpawu zayo.
I-Italian Portulan
Zizona zenziwe ikakhulu eGenoa, eVenice naseRoma. Ezi zezona tshathi zakudala zokuhamba ngendlela ezigcinwe kwiThala leLizwe laseParis. Eyona tshati indala yokuhamba ibizwa ngokuba yitshati yePisan. Abanye abantu base-Italiya abadumileyo abaziwayo Ileta kaCarignano (kule mihla enye ayikafumaneki, ilahlekile), kunye nezinye ii-portulans ezenziwe ngu-Genoese Pietro Vesconte, Beccario, Francisco Pizigano, Canepa kunye nabazalwana base Benincasa.
IiPortugal zaseMajorcan
Ezi Portulans zongeze izinto ezintsha ezinjenge-nautical-geographic charts charts to the creation of the Majorcan Jew UCresques uAbraham. Owona msebenzi waziwayo walo mJuda yayiyimephu yehlabathi eyenziwe ngo-1375. Kufuneka sithathele ingqalelo ukufaneleka kokwenza imephu yehlabathi ngexesha apho iisathelayithi ezingezizo ezokuzenzela zazingekho kwaye zingenakuphandwa ngetekhnoloji efanayo naleyo esinayo namhlanje.
Le mephu yehlabathi yenziwe ngeetafile ezili-12 ezazivulelwa omnye komnye ngumsongo. Ezanamhlanje zigcinwe kwilayibrari yesizwe eParis. Kokokuqala ukuba lonke ulwazi olukhoyo malunga namazwekazi, ngakumbi elase-Asiya, luthathwe kwaye lafikelela eYurophu ngenxa yabaphandi abanjengoMarco Polo, Jordanus nabanye.
AmaPortugal asePortugal
Ezi tshathi ze-portulan zaphuhliswa ngokusekwe kwi-Majorcan. Bahlala ixesha elifutshane ngaphandle kokuphelelwa lixesha xa ukufunyanwa kwabahambi ngenqanawa baseSpain nabasePortugal kufuna iimfuno ezingaphezulu esele zinokufunyanwa ngaba bantu basePortugal bakudala.
Kweli xesha linye lembali, ezinye iitshathi zePortulan ziye zaphuhliswa kwilizwe lama-Arabhu. Oonobumba bajolise kuLwandle lweMeditera. Kwenye, eyaba yenye yezona zidumileyo, ezinye iindawo zaseMelika ezazisandula ukufunyanwa ngelo xesha ziya kumelwa. Sithetha ngemephu kaPiri Reis ngo-1513 (siyakhumbula ukuba iMelika yafunyanwa ngoChristopher Columbus ngo-1492). Kule portulan unokufumana amanye amazwe ebengekaphononongwa kodwa achazwe ngokuthembeka okumangalisayo kwinyani.
Ukusebenziseka kwezi mephu kuxhomekeke ekunikezeleni ukusebenza kwekhampasi. Xa kuziwa ekuhambeni ngesikhephe, kuyathakazelisa ukwazi uMkhombandlela ekufuneka siye kuwo, kodwa okubaluleke nangakumbi kukwazi indawo esiya kuyo. Singaziphosa ngokuqhelaniswa nekhampasi ukuze sazi ukuba siphi okanye ukuba siya kweliphi icala. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa ngokudibeneyo kwekhampasi kunye ne-portulan, yiyo le nto yenza ukuba abaqhubi beenqanawa bakwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo ezicetywayo.
Njengoko ubona, i-portulan yanceda kakhulu ukuphucula urhwebo ngelo xesha. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neemephu zemephu.