I-Geology inamasebe aliqela aqinisa izifundo ezahlukeneyo. Elinye lamasebe e-geology li lithology. Yinzululwazi efunda amatye, kubandakanya imvelaphi yawo, ubudala, ukwakheka, ulwabiwo kunye nokusasazwa kwawo wonke umhlaba. Eli sebe lesayensi linemvelaphi yakudala eyaqala ngemirhumo eyahlukeneyo yokunkcenkceshela amaTshayina kunye namaArabhu, phakathi kwezinye iinkcubeko. Igalelo lommandla osentshona wehlabathi laziwa ngcono ngala ka-Aristotle kunye nomfundi wakhe uTheophrastus emsebenzini wakhe On the rocks.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu kunye nokubaluleka kwe-lithology.
Iimpawu ze-lithology
I-Lithology luqeqesho olucacisa amatye kufundo lwazo zombini iipropathi zomzimba nezonyango. Zikwahlulwahlulwa ngokweenkqubo ezithi ziphakamise amatye. Ngokusekwe koku, kusekwe kwiintlobo ezintathu zamatye: igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rock. Nangona amagama i-lithology kunye ne-petrology zijongwa ngokufanayo, kukho abo benza umahluko ocashileyo. Umzekelo, xa sibhekisa kwi-lithology asibhekiseli kuphononongo lwelitye eline-aria echaziweyo. Oko kukuthi, sithatha indawo kwaye sifunde iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye akhoyo kuloo ndawo.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, I-Petrology ithintelwe kuphando lwentlobo nganye yamatye ngokukodwa. Ngokwabo bajonga amagama ahlukeneyo, bafunda ukulandelelana kwamatye angabonakali mntu okanye akukho nto i-lithology. Nangona kunjalo, ukufunda ukwenziwa kwezimbiwa ematyeni bubuchwephesha. Nangona zombini zithathwa njengezinto ezifanayo, zigubungela zonke ezi zinto.
Into yokufunda i-lithology yindawo ebonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali zamatye. Iindlela zikwasetyenziselwa ukujonga ubungakanani bezimbiwa nganye nganye. Ke, izifundo zokwenza imichiza kunye ne-mineralogy zibandakanyiwe. Ubume okanye indlela izinto ezilungelelaniswe ngayo phakathi kwazo ikwayinto yokufunda kwi-lithology.
Iilithology kunye neentlobo zamatye
Siyazi ukuba amatye afunyenwe kuqweqwe lomhlaba kwaye ahlelwa ngokweenkqubo eziwukhulisileyo. Oku kubangela iintlobo ezintathu zamatye ezinokubakho: i-igneous, sedimentary, kunye ne-metamorphic rock. Siza kuchaza iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye afundwa kwi-lithology.
Amatye anqabileyo
Zizo ezo zenziwe ngenxa yokhetho kunye nayo yonke i-magma. IMagma yinto etyhidiweyo eyenza ingubo yoMhlaba. Ezi zinto ziyilitye elinyibilikisiweyo kunye neegesi kunye nolwelo. IMagma ifunyenwe kubunzulu obukhulu kwaye inyukela phezulu ngenxa yengubo yokuhambisa iimpahla kunye nokuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo. Xa lo magma ubonakele kumphezulu womhlaba, uphulukana neegesi kwaye upholise ude wenze ilitye elibi. Olu hlobo lwamatye lubizwa ngokuba ngamatye e-volcanic.
IMagma inokuqinisa kancinci phakathi phakathi kweentanda ezinzulu kwaye yenze amatye ane-plutonic. La matye enza kancinci kancinci. Babizwa ngokuba ngamatye angenanto kuba athathelwa ingqalelo njengemvelaphi engapheliyo. zikhona Iindidi ezimbini ngokubanzi zamatye angenanto ngokungqinelana nokwenziwa kwawo. Amatye ane-asidi engenamandla zezi zinto zenziwe ngenxalenye ephezulu yesilika kwaye ine-quartz yasimahla kunye nentsimbi encinci kunye nemagniziyam. Kwelinye icala, amatye asisiseko e-igneous ngala anenxalenye esezantsi yesilika kwaye ayinayo i-quartz, kodwa ine-magnesium eninzi kunye nentsimbi.
Amatye e-sedimentary
Zizo ezo zenziwe ziintsika ezibekwe kumphezulu womhlaba kwaye zivela kukhukuliseko lwamatye akhoyo. Ikwabizwa ngokuba ngamatye anemvelaphi engaphandle, kuba ayenziwe ngezinto ezikwimeko yomhlaba. Ukwenziwa kwamatye amaninzi kunemvelaphi yendalo. Umzekelo, kukho amatye amaninzi aqulathe oonokrwece abaphakame ngecalcium kwaye benza amatye okubala. Intlenga ayisiyonto ngaphandle kwamasuntswana ezimbiwa aveliswa kwinkqubo yokukhukuliseka kwamatye akhoyo kunye. Koko kukuthi, Amatye e-sedimentary amatye akhiwa ngamatye akhoyo ngokwenkqubo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-sedimentation.
Amasuntswana enza amatye enziwe ngentlenga akhutshwa ngokudityaniswa kwamanzi, utshintsho kubushushu, umoya, utsalo, kunye nokubekwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba zonke iidipozithi ezifakwe emva kwazo zonke iinkqubo ze-geological zenza iileya phezu kwezingqimba kwaye izaleko ezingaphezulu ziyacinezela ezisezantsi de zibe lilitye. Njengoko kulindelwe, le nkqubo ithatha izigidi zeminyaka. Emva kwezigidi zeminyaka iya kuba nakho ukuvaleka kwaye izinze ukuze yenze imiqolo yolungelelwaniso. Iingqimba ziyaqokelelana kuba zisenziwa luxinzelelo lobunzima bezingqimba eziphezulu. Ubushushu obuphezulu obuveliswayo kunye nokwala izinto zesamente kuyenzeka ekwakhekeni kwamatye e-sedimentary.
Emva koko ziintshukumo zeetekoni ezenza la matye anyukele phezulu. Kwelinye icala, zikwayinxalenye yezidalwa ezenza la matye, hayi ezinye izinto eziphilayo ezinje ngamaqokobhe kunye nekhabhon ephilayo. Ngokwesiqhelo olu hlobo lwamatye olunezinye izinto eziphilayo lubonakaliswa ngokwenziwa umtya. Oko kukuthi, amatye abonisa iileya okanye strata. Imizekelo yamatye e-sedimentary awaziwa kakhulu Zilitye lekalika kunye namanye amaqokobhe, amatye esanti kunye neesarha.
Amatye eMetamorphic
Zizo ezo zenziwe kwiindidi ezimbini zeenkqubo zangaphambili. Ezi nkqubo zenzeka nzulu ngaphakathi kuqweqwe lomhlaba okanye ngaphezulu. Ngamatye akhiwe ngokusekwe ekwakhekeni kwe-sedimentary esele iphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo aphezulu obushushu. Kukho isenzo segesi ye-magma apho i-metamorphosis enzulu yenziwe khona. Makhe sibone umzekelo wayo. Olunye uhlobo lokunxibelelana kweemetamorphism yile xa i-magma exuba umphezulu idibana nelitye elingaphezulu. Olu qhakamshelwano lubangela ukuba iigesi kunye nobushushu budluliselwe.
Xa kususwa i-metamorphism yenye into eyahlukileyo. Kule meko, kukho uxinzelelo kwi-sedimentary okanye i-igneous rock ngenxa yokuhamba kwamacwecwe e-tectonic. Olu xinzelelo lusebenza eliweni luphela lwakha ilitye le-metamorphic.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-lithology kunye noko ikufundayo.