Hayi kudala i-Arctic Ocean yayigqunywe ngumkhenkce unyaka wonke, kubandakanya ehlotyeni. Ebusika, amaqhekeza omkhenkce ayemakhulu kakhulu kwaye esasazeka kwiindawo ezingaphantsi, ekugqibeleni agubungela uLwandle lwaseGreenland kunye noLwandle lweBering. Ehlotyeni, ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu anyukayo, amashiti omkhenkce abuya umva, nangona kunjalo, umda wekhenkce wafikelela kufutshane kakhulu nonxweme.
Le meko iyatshintsha ukutyhubela iminyaka. Ngalo lonke ixesha ii-ice cap zincinci kwaye kukho indawo encinci engumkhenkce. Bekuya kwenzeka ntoni ukuba i-Arctic ibingena mkhenkce?
Ukubuyiswa kwamaphepha omkhenkce
Imeko esasizibona sinayo ngaphambili kunye nale sinayo ngoku yahluke kwaphela. Umphezulu owawubuyela emva ngelo xesha yayimalunga ne-8 yezigidi zeekhilomitha ngenyanga kaSeptemba, namhlanje kuphela ngaloo nyanga malunga ne-3-4 yezigidi zeekhilomitha. Ngenyanga kaSeptemba kuxa kukho ukubuyela umva ngakumbi kwama-ice sheet. Oku kubonisa ukuba ukujiya kwamacwecwe omkhenkce kuncitshisiwe ngesiqingatha. Umkhenkce wasehlotyeni yikota kuphela yevolumu ebinayo kwii-XNUMXs.
Ngenxa yobushushu behlabathi, iArctic iqhubela phambili inyibilike iphindwe kabini okanye kathathu isantya sehlabathi liphela. Oku kungenxa yothungelwano lobushushu oluvela kwi-ikhweyitha. Oku kukhawulezisa kobushushu beArctic kuya kukhokelela kwihlobo elingena mkhenkce kwixesha elifutshane.
Unyaka nonyaka apho kubhalwa khona ubushushu bonyaka, siyaqonda ukuba kushushu kunangaphambili, ngo-2016 ngowona ushushu ukususela oko iqondo lobushushu laqala ukulinganiswa phaya kwiminyaka yoo-1880. kwakuthethwa ngayo umkhenkce weminyaka emininzi. Oku kuthetha ukuba umkhenkce owawubonwe wawusenziwe kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo kwaye wawudlula kumaxesha onyaka. Ngenxa yeminyaka eyasekwa ngayo, babekwazi ukufikelela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kakhulu, ubume bendawo engqindilili kunye neenduli ezinkulu ezazithintela ukudlula kwabahloli kunye neenqanawa.
Namhlanje phantse wonke umkhenkce oqwalaselwayo ngunyaka wokuqala. Oko kukuthi, yenziwe ngexesha langoku. Bahlala befikelela kuphela I-1,5 yeemitha ubukhulu kwaye akukho ngaphezulu kweembumba ezimbalwa. Umkhenkce owenza ubusika obunye (kwaye uthathela ingqalelo ukuba ixesha ngalinye amaqondo obushushu aphezulu) anganyibilika ngexesha lasehlotyeni elinye. Oku kubangela ukufa komkhenkce wasehlotyeni.
Iziphumo zokunyamalala komkhenkce
Ukunciphisa i-albedo
Oko saqala ukuthetha ngobushushu behlabathi kunye notshintsho lwemozulu, besithetha ngokunyibilika komkhenkce wase-Arctic nase-Antarctic. Ewe, iziphumo zokunyamalala kwala maqhwa makhulu Ziyamangalisa kakhulu iplanethi. IAlbedo yipesenti yemitha yelanga ebonisa umhlaba okanye ukubuyela kwawo kumoya. Ewe, esinye seziphumo zokunyamalala kwama-ice sheet iya kuba kukunciphisa i-albedo ukusuka 0,6% ukuya kwi-0,1%. Oku kukhokelela kugcino olukhulu lobushushu emhlabeni kwaye, ke ngoko, ukwanda kwamaqondo obushushu ehlabathi.
Ingxaki nge-albedo kukuba umkhenkce wasehlotyeni uyancipha ngexesha apho kufunyanwa imitha yelanga eninzi. Ukuqhubeka nokunyamalala komkhenkce kunciphisa i-albedo kwihlabathi liphela. Oku kunegalelo elingama-25% kwiziphumo ezibangelwe kukufudumala komhlaba okubangelwa ngabantu. Kukwaqatshelwe ukuba, njengokuba umkhenkce wolwandle unyamalala, ikhephu elunxwemeni liyanyibilika ngokukhawuleza entwasahlobo, ngenxa yomoya oshushu ofika kulwandle olucacileyo.
Ukunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle
Isiphumo sesibini sokurhoxa kwamacwecwe omkhenkce saziwa ngcono. Imalunga yokunyuka kwamaqondo olwandle. Umkhenkce wasehlotyeni yikota kuphela yevolumu ebinayo kwii-XNUMXs. Oku kubangela ukuba i-meltwater ijikeleze i-cap de iphele elwandle, inyuse inqanaba layo. Iingcali ze-IPCC ziqikelele ukunyuka kwenqanaba lolwandle ngaphezulu kwemitha enye. Olu lutshintsho olungenakuguqulwa oluya kuba neziphumo ezibi kwizixeko zonxweme ezinje ngeMiami, iNew York, iShanghai kunye neVenice, kananjalo nokwandisa ukuphindaphindeka kwezikhukula kunxweme oluthe tyaba noluzele ngabantu njengeBangladesh.
Ukukhupha iMethane
Isiphumo sesithathu sesona sisongelo sikufutshane eluntwini. Imalunga ne ukukhutshwa kwemethane kulwandle. IArctic inenkqubo yayo yokubonisa umoya osebenzayo okoko nje kukho amashiti e-ice phezu kwamanzi. Ehlotyeni, nokuba kukho umkhenkce omncinci, amaqondo obushushu amanzi akanakunyuka abe ngaphezulu kwe-0 degrees. Kungenxa yoko le nto inkqubo yomoya igcinwa. Nangona kunjalo, xa umkhenkce unyibilika ngokupheleleyo ehlotyeni, ubunzima bamanzi bunokufudumeza ukuya kuthi ga kwiidigri ezisixhenxe, ukufunxa imitha yelanga (kuba akukho mkhenkce ukuyibonakalisa). Kwi-Arctic, iishelfu zelizwekazi azinzulu kakhulu, ukuze imitha yelanga efunxa amanzi ifike kumgangatho wolwandle, inyibilikise iqabaka ebelikho ukusukela kwi-Ice Age yokugqibela.
Izidalwa esizifumanayo kwi-permafrost yolwandle inayo izixa ezikhulu zeemethane zigciniwe, ngoko ukunyibilika kwayo kuya kuvelisa ukukhutshwa kweekholamu ezinkulu ze-methane. I-Methane inefuthe lokushisa Amaxesha angama-23 amakhulu kune-carbon dioxide, ke ukuphuma kwayo emoyeni kuya kunyusa ubushushu behlabathi. Ukuba ezi plume zemethane zikhutshelwe emoyeni, zinokuba negalelo kubushushu behlabathi ukunyuka ukuya kwi-0,6 degrees ngaphezulu ngo-2040.
Enye ingozi enkulu kwimpilo-ntle yelizwe lethu ngamathuba okuba ukufudumala kweArctic kunye nokunyamalala komkhenkce wolwandle kungunobangela woku Imozulu egqithileyo esiye sayifumana kule minyaka mithandathu idlulileyo, ngobusika obubanda kakhulu okanye obunesaqhwithi kwiindawo ezithile zaseYurophu nakuMntla Melika kunye nemozulu eshushu kakhulu kwezinye iindawo.
Umjelo weJet
Kukho umnxeba jet umlambo yeyiphi eyahlula i-Arctic kubuninzi bomoya osezantsi. Ewe, lo mlambo wejet ucotha kunangaphambili, kuba umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwamanzi asezantsi kunye namanzi eArctic ancitshisiwe. Inyani yokuba umjelo wejet ucotha ivumela iinkqubo zemozulu zalapha ekhaya zesenzeko esinye ukuba zinde njenge imbalela, izikhukula, amaza obushushu, njl.. Iziphumo ezinkulu zokucotha kwale meko zenzeka kumazwe akwizithuba eziphakathi kwenyakatho ye-hemisphere apho kufumaneka khona eyona mhlaba unefama evelisa kakhulu. Ukuba le mpembelelo iyaqhubeka, ukuveliswa kokutya kwehlabathi kunokuba sengozini enkulu, okukhokelela kwindlala, ukunyuka kwamaxabiso okutya kunye neemfazwe.
Ibhanti yokuhambisa elwandle
Iziphumo zokugqibela zokunyamalala komkhenkce zinokuba nethuba elithile. zikhona ukujikeleza kancinci kwe-thermohaline engaqhutywa yimimoya, kodwa endaweni yoko kwabiwa ubushushu nemvula phezu kweelwandle. Ukuhanjiswa kuyaziwa njenge ibhanti yokuhambisa. Ngokusisiseko, yindawo yangoku apho amanzi ashushu ajikeleza kwicala le-Arctic kwaye njengoko bephola baba yityuwa kunye nokuxinana. Olu konyuka koxinano lubangela ukuba amanzi atshone kwaye ajikeleze kwakhona ukuya kwiindawo ezisezantsi. Xa befika kwiPasifiki, bayafudumala kwakhona kwaye, ngenxa yokuxinana okuncinci, babuyela kumphezulu. Ewe, kwindawo apho imizimba yamanzi itshona khona ngenxa yokuba iyabanda kwaye ixinene, akukho mkhenkce okhe wabonwa ukusukela ngo-1998. Oku kubangela ukuba ibhanti elihambayo liyeke ukusebenza, lenze ukuba amanzi aphole kancinci. Uncedo olunokubonelelwa koku kukuba, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane, i-United Kingdom, i-Ireland, i-Iceland kunye nonxweme lwase-France kunye ne-Norway (ukongeza kumntla-ntshona we-Spain) Baza kunyuka nge-2 ° C kuphela, xa kuthelekiswa ne-4 ° C eyoyikisayo kwilizwekazi laseYurophu. Ezi ziindaba ezimnandi kumntla-ntshona weYurophu, kodwa hayi kwi-tropical America, kuba ilahleko yangoku iyakwandisa ubushushu bamanzi eAtlantic kuloo ndawo kwaye, ngenxa yoko, amandla enkanyamba.
Ikamva elingena mkhenkce
Ezi datha kwiziphumo nakwiziphumo zokunyamalala komkhenkce zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Eyokuqala kukuba ibonisa ubuze beempikiswano malunga izibonelelo zoqoqosho eziza kunyibilika kuya kufuneka ziququzelele ukuthuthwa kolwandle kunye nokuhlolwa kweoyile kude nonxweme. Le meko inokuzisa oorhulumente iibhiliyoni zeedola kwinzuzo. Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zobushushu ezenza oku kwenzeke ziqikelelwa kwizigidi zezigidi zeedola.
Okwesibini kubonisa ukuba ikamva lobushushu behlabathi ayinakwenziwa ngendlela emgceniUkuthatha ingqalelo kuphela ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2, kodwa uthathela ingqalelo ukuba zininzi izinto ezingenelela ekukhawuleziseni ukufudumala kwaye zinokuphela zilawula ipateni. Ndiqaphele isiphumo sokuncitshiswa kwealbedo kunye nokukhululwa kwemethane kwizidalwa zaselwandle. Kungenxa yoko le nto kunokwenzeka ukuba, nangona sinciphisa ukukhutshwa kwe-CO2 kwihlabathi liphela, le nkqubo ayiphenduli ngendlela efanayo kuba iigesi zegreenhouse ziyonyuswa emoyeni kwaye ubushushu obufunxwe nguMhlaba buyanda.
Njengoko ubona, kukho iziphumo ezibi ekunyamalaleni komkhenkce kwiplanethi. Esinye sezisombululo ezinokwenzeka asikokunciphisa inani le-CO2 ekhutshelwa emoyeni, kodwa kuye Inkqubo yokufunxa ye-CO2 ukuyisusa kumjikelo. Nangona kunjalo, abantu baphulukana nenye yezendalo eziyidinga kakhulu iplanethi kwaye sibusebenzise ukuba nobomi esinokubunako namhlanje.