Siyazi ukuba ngenxa yokufudumala kwehlabathi minyaka le kwiplanethi yethu amaqondo obushushu ayenyuka. Ngesi sizathu, izazinzulu bezirekhoda kuyo yonke imbali ngezifundo ezahlukeneyo ezingamaxesha ashushu nabandayo athe iplanethi yethu yadlula kuwo. Nantsi lapho ixesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo oko kusinceda siqonde ngakumbi indlela umoya osingqongileyo oziphatha ngayo namhlanje.
Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha nawe malunga nexesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo kunye nokuba zeziphi iimpawu zayo.
ixesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo
IXesha eliPhakathi elifudumeleyo libonakala lihambelana netyala. Kusikhumbuza ukuba ukufudumala kwemvelo kwemvelo kunye nayo yonke imiphumo yayo yenzeke kwixesha elidlulileyo kwaye abantu abazange babangele, ngoko mhlawumbi asinaxanduva. Ayinamsebenzi kuba ukuba siphila kwixesha elidlulileyo, ngokuqinisekileyo sinokusinda ngoku. Kodwa akukho lula ngolo hlobo.
Eli xesha liphakathi lokufudumala, elikwaziwa njengeMedieval Climate Anomaly, lalinxulunyaniswa nokunyuka okungaqhelekanga kobushushu phakathi kweAD 750 kunye ne1350 (European Middle Ages). Ubungqina obukhoyo bubonisa ukuba ngamanye amaxesha amaqondo obushushu kweminye imimandla ayeshushu kunalawo arekhodiweyo phakathi kowe-1960 nowe-1990.
Ngelixa ubukhulu becala ibhalwe eYurophu, kumzantsi-ntshona kuMntla Merika, nakwezinye iindawo ezishushu, iXesha eliPhakathi lokufudumala lachaphazela ihemispheres esemantla nakumazantsi. Kodwa ukunyuka kweqondo lokushisa akusiyo yonke indawo, kuyahluka phakathi kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kwaye akwenzeki kuyo yonke indawo ngexesha elinye.
Ngelixa uMntla weHemisphere, uMzantsi Merika, iTshayina neAustralasia, kunye neNew Zealand, amaqondo obushushu arekhodiweyo phakathi kwe-0,3 kunye ne-1,0 °C ubushushu kunango-1960-1990 ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX nasekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX, kwaye phezulu kakhulu kweminye imimandla efana nempuma yePasifiki enetropiki.
Iinkqubo zexesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo
Amaxesha aphakathi ashushu ayedla ngokuba sisiganeko sommandla. Ubukho bazo okanye ukungabikho kwazo kubonakalisa ukusasazwa ngokutsha kobushushu kwiplanethi yonke, icebisa izinto ezingaphandle kokunyuka kweegesi ze-atmospheric greenhouse gases ezifana nekharbon diokside. Ezona zizathu ezinokubakho zokutshintsha kobushushu bengingqi zinxulumene notshintsho kwi-El Niño-Southern Oscillation.
Le ndlela yemozulu iphinda-phindayo yomoya wasempuma wePasifiki kunye namaqondo obushushu olwandle achaphazela imozulu kunye nemozulu kwiindawo ezishushu kunye neetropics. Idla ngokuzisa amafu kunye nemvula kwintshona yePasifiki yetropiki, eyenza impuma yePasifiki yome kwaye ipholile.
Ngexesha lobushushu bamaXesha Aphakathi, ukwanda kwemitha yelanga kunye nokuncipha kogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kwadala iziganeko ezifana neLa Niña ezatshintsha indlela eqhelekileyo. Imimoya yorhwebo eyomeleleyo yatyhala amanzi ashushu ukuya ngaseAsiya, kubangele iAustralasia emanzi, Imbalela kumazantsi eUnited States nakuMzantsi nakuMbindi Merika, kunye neemvula ezinkulu nezikhukula kuMntla-ntshona wePasifiki naseKhanada.
Ukwanda kokusasazeka kwemitha yelanga kuye kwayitshintsha inkqubo yoxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kuMntla weAtlantiki (i-North Atlantic Oscillation), izisa ubusika obufudumeleyo neemeko ezimanzi kwiindawo ezininzi ezisemantla Yurophu nakwindawo ekumntla-mpuma welizwekazi loMntla Merika. Ezi meko zikwachaphazela nemozulu yasebusika eGreenland, kuMntla Afrika, nakuMntla Asia.
Iziphumo zokungalingani kwabantu kunye nokusingqongileyo
Phantse iminyaka engama-300, ezi meko zemozulu zintsha ziye zaguqula i-ikhosistim kwaye zatshintsha ngokusisiseko uluntu. Njengoko umntla Yurophu wawusiya ukufudumala, ezolimo zanwenwa zaza zavelisa intsalela yokutya. Ngelo xesha, INgilani yayishushu ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikwazi ukusingatha izidiliyaNjengoko oorhulumente abaphambili baseYurophu babesiya besomelela, abantu babengasayifuni inqaba yokukhusela umhlaba wabo owawukade ulinganiselwe, yaye abaninzi baqalisa ukukhangela umhlaba omtsha.
Ukwandiswa kwezolimo okufanayo kuye kwenzeka kwiindawo ezithile zoMntla Merika, kodwa amafama akuMbindi Asia nawo aye anwenwela kumantla eRashiya, eManchuria, kwiNtlambo yaseAmur nakumantla eJapan. Ukuqala kwenkulungwane ye-XNUMX kwaphawula ukuqala kokoyiswa kukaGenghis Khan nezizwe zakhe zamaMongol.
Njengoko amaqondo obushushu ayenyuka, umhlaba weArctic nomkhenkce wolwandle wawuncipha, umhlaba omtsha wawufikeleleka, yaye iiVikings zafudukela emantla ngakumbi kunangaphambili. Baye baphela "eluhlaza" eGreenland naseIceland apho bahlala khona (okwethutyana).
Ingxelo yokugqibela ebhaliweyo yabantu baseNorway baseGreenland ivela kumtshato waseIceland ngo-1408, eyathi kamva yarekhodwa kwiCawa yaseHvalsey eIceland, eyona ndawo igcinwe kakuhle eNorway.
abemi
Olu hambo lude lwenzeka nakwi-hemisphere esemazantsi. Ixesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo lihambelana nokuhlala kweNew Zealand kunye nophuhliso lweendlela ezintsha zorhwebo kwiPacific Rim.
Iimeko ezishushu zeli xesha zisa iingenelo ezininzi kwizityalo nezilwanyana zesi sijikelezi-langa, kodwa kwezinye iindawo zehlabathi ubomi babantu benziwa mandundu ngenxa yembalela eqatha. Imimandla yaseNtshona Merika kunye nezixeko ezikhulu zamaMaya kuMbindi Merika zathwaxwa yimbalela enkulu, kwaye impucuko yaseAndean yabuna ngenxa yokugalelwa kweChibi iTiticaca nokuqukuqela kwamanzi angenatyuwa kwiintlambo eziselunxwemeni.
Uluntu oluncinci olusasazekileyo kwindawo yePasifiki kwanyanzeleka ukuba ludibane lube luluntu olukhulu noluntsonkothileyo olugxile elunxwemeni. Baqokelela oonokrwece baze bancedise ngeemveliso ezintsha zezolimo (ukwakhiwa kwemijelo kunye nezitiya eziphantsi kwamanzi, iindawo zezolimo kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kunye nokunkcenkceshela izityalo eziphantsi komhlaba).
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iLa Niña izisa umoya oqinileyo wemonsoonal kwimimandla eyomileyo yasemntla, embindini nasentshona yeOstreliya, ukwanda kwezikhukula kunye nesivunguvungu, mhlawumbi kuphazamise iipateni zokuhlaliswa kwabazingeli kule mimandla.
Isibakala sokuba ezinye iindawo zehlabathi ngokwenene zaphumelela ngexesha iXesha eliPhakathi eliBushushu libonelela ngeengxoxo ngezikhundla zabathandabuzayo bokufudumala kwehlabathi. Kodwa kukho iiyantlukwano ezimbini ezisisiseko ezenza iXesha eliPhakathi elifudumeleyo lahluke kwinto esiyifumanayo ngoku.
Isiseko esisetyenziswayo namhlanje thelekisa amaqondo obushushu kunye neMedieval Warm Period ngowe-1960-1990. Ngelixa eminye imimandla idibene okanye igqithile kwesi siseko, kwi-avareji yehlabathi isijikelezi-langa sisabanda kunokuba kunjalo namhlanje.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nexesha eliphakathi elifudumeleyo kunye neempawu zalo.