Ukusukela ngo-2022, i-Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission ilumkise ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba kubekho itsunami ngaphezulu kwemitha enye ukuphakama kuLwandle lweMeditera kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo isondele kwi-100%. Nangona kunjalo, into abantu abazibuza yona kukuba ingaba ikho ngokwenene na tsunami eSpeyin. Ukuze kubekho itsunami kufuneka kubekho indawo enkulu yolwandle eyaneleyo ukuvelisa amaza amakhulu.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela indlela enokubakho ngayo i-tsunami eSpeyin kunye nento eyenzekayo ngokwembali.
Tsunami eSpain
Kwiminyaka engama-2500 XNUMX edluleyo, amazwe akwiMeditera aye athwaxwa ziitsunami ezininzi eziyintlekele. Eyona idumileyo yenzeka ngo-365, 1303, no-1908. Ezokuqala ezimbini zabangelwa yinyikima yamaGrike, kwaye eyesithathu yenzeke kwiStrait of Messina. Ngoku kutshanje, i-tsunami eyonakalisa kakhulu kwingingqi yeMeditera ibetha uLwandle lwe-Aegean kwi-1956, kunye namaza afikelela kwi-25 yeemitha, kunye nomntla we-Algeria ngo-2003, kunye ne-tsunami ukuya kwi-2 yeemitha ezibetha kwiiBalearic Islands.
Ingxelo yeenkcukacha zembali iyasiqinisekisa ukuba, ngokwenene, ingozi yetsunami enokuchaphazela uLwandle lweMeditera iyinyani.
Kwingingqi yeMeditera yaseSpain, eyona nto inokwenzeka kwitsunami yimpazamo yoLwandle iAverroes kuLwandle lwaseAlberrán. Idatha ivela kuphononongo olutshanje lwe-China Shipbuilding Industry Corporation, epapashwe kwiphephancwadi IiNgxelo zeNzululwazi, echaza ukuba kungekhona nje iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo kunye neziphene ezinokuthi zivelise i-tsunami, kodwa kule meko gxuma iimpazamo. Inyikima yabangela amaza ukuya kwi-6 yeemitha ukuphakama kwi-Averroes Marine Fault, eyathatha phakathi kwe-21 kunye ne-35 imizuzu ukufikelela elunxwemeni.
Nangona kunjalo, unxweme lwaseSpain oluxhaphake kakhulu kwiitsunami luya kuba luLwandle lweAtlantiki. Ngokwedatha evela kwiTsumaps, kwi Kwiminyaka engama-50 ezayo kukho ithuba le-10% lokuba i-tsunami yemitha eyi-1 iya kubetha kumanxweme aseHuelva okanye eCádiz., kunye ne-3% ukuba sithetha ngamaza eemitha ezi-3. Kwaye ziziganeko ze-1755 esizichazile ekuqaleni kweli nqaku ezinokuthi ziphindwe, yingakho ezinye iidolophu ezisezantsi kweSpeyin sele zinezicwangciso zokuthintela umngcipheko kunye nezicwangciso zezenzo xa kwenzeka i-tsunami.
Imbali ethile
NgoNovemba 1, 1755 yayilusuku olunzima kakhulu eLisbon. I-epicenter yayimi kumgama ukusuka kunxweme lwasePortugal, izazinzulu zingaziwa, inyikima ebizwa ngokuba yiLisbon yenzeka kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki, i-seismologists. qikelela ukuba ubukhulu bayo bunokuba phakathi kwe-8,7 kunye ne-9, kunye nobukhulu benyikima. ngu-0 ubukhulu. Ukutshatyalaliswa okubangelwa yintlekele kuyaziwa kakuhle: kubonakaliswe ixesha elide kunye nezinga eliphezulu lobundlobongela, kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba i-60.000 ukuya kwi-100.000 abantu bafa kule ntlekele.
Ngaphezu koko, loo nyikima yayingesosiganeko sawodwa kodwa yalandelwa ngumlilo yaye, njengoko maxa wambi kuba njalo xa kukho iinyikima ezinkulu elwandle, itsunami yayinomlinganiselo olingana nobukhulu benyikima eyantlithayo. Ikomkhulu lasePortugal laphantse laba luthuthu.
Ngokubhekiselele kwi-tsunami, amaza akholelwa ukuba afikelele kwiimitha ezi-5 ukuphakama eLisbon, kwaye ubuncinane abantu be-15.000 bafa ngenxa ye-tsunami phakathi kwabantu ababulawayo abarekhodiweyo kule ntlekele. Olona nxweme lwantlithwa kakhulu yayingamaPhuthukezi.
Nangona kunjalo, impembelelo yayo yavakala kunxweme lweAtlantiki yaseSpain naseMorocco. EAndalusia, amaza agungqisa lonke unxweme lweAtlantiki, ukusuka eAyamonte ukuya eTarifa. E-Huelva, umonakalo wawuxhaphakile, kunye ne- Uqikelelo lokubhubha kwabantu abamalunga ne-1.000 kunye nama-400 kwezinye zezona dolophu zichaphazeleke kakhulu.s, njenge-Ayamonte kunye neLepe, ngokulandelanayo, ukongeza ekutshatyalalisweni kwenxalenye enkulu yeenqanawa zokuloba. Kulo lonke unxweme lwaseCádiz, zonke iidolophu zachatshazelwa yitsunami. E-Cádiz, amaza afikelela kwiimitha ezili-18 arekhodwa, etshabalalisa inxalenye yodonga lwesixeko, ngaphezu kokubangela izikhukula kunye nomonakalo ovela ePuerto de Santa María ukuya eTarifa.
Umfanekiso wothotho lwamaza abetha unxweme phantse ngequbuliso uyoyikeka. Eminye imizekelo yamva nje, njengetsunami ka-2004 eyabangelwa yinyikima kunxweme lwaseSumatra, eyabulala phantse ikota yesigidi sabantu, iyakuqinisekisa oku. Nangona iziganeko ezifana neseLisbon ziye zaphindaphindwa ngakumbi okanye ngaphantsi kwimbali, sidla ngokunxulumanisa iitsunami kunye neziganeko eziqhelekileyo zezinye iindawo kwiplanethi, njengoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki, apho iinyikima ezinkulu zixhaphake kakhulu. Ezi ziganeko zinokubangelwa.
Iindawo ezinobungozi beTsunami eSpain
Abaphandi bachaza ukuba uxwebhu lulungiselelwe kwinqanaba likarhulumente apho iindawo ezisengozini kakhulu kwi-tsunami zichongiwe, oko kukuthi, zonke iinxweme zaseSpain, ngaphandle kwe-Asturias kunye neCantabria, apho impembelelo ingaphantsi. “Ayifane yenzeke kwezi ndawo kuba akukho ziphene. Ezi zifumaneka kwiNyoba yaseCádiz, kumantla eAlgeria, kumantla eAfrika nakwezinye iindawo. Ngoko ke, Izifundo kufuneka zenziwe kuluntu nakumanqanaba kamasipala.
ISpain okwangoku ineSicwangciso soKhuseleko lwabemi ngokuchasene nemingcipheko yetsunami, leyo uRhulumente uya kuyilungiselela kwaye ayivume ngoMeyi 2021. Njengoko kuchaziwe kwisicatshulwa esipapashwe kwiGazethi yeSizwe esemthethweni (BOE), "yinkqubo yokulumkisa ngetsunami" ukwazisa ukhuseleko loluntu. abasemagunyeni kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko zoluntu ngokungxamisekileyo kwesi sisongelo sikhankanywe ngasentla, kunye nabemi abanokuthi bachaphazeleke ", Nangona ichaza kuphela "izikhokelo zesicwangciso esisisiseko sokukhusela uluntu kwiingozi zetsunami".
Ukongezelela, i-National Geographic Institute yaseSpain (IGN) nayo inenkqubo yokulumkisa nge-tsunami esebenzayo kwaye ithumela imiyalezo yokulumkisa nge-tsunami kubemi xa kukho ingozi. Kodwa izixeko ezinokuchatshazelwa yitsunami kufuneka zibe nezicwangciso zokwenza.
IBay yaseCádiz njengendawo esemngciphekweni omkhulu
I-Bay of Cádiz yindawo esemngciphekweni omkhulu ngenxa ukusondela kwayo kwimigca yeempazamo ezahlukeneyo zenyikima ezahlula ipleyiti yeEurasia kwipleyiti yaseAfrika. Ukongezelela, igxininisa ukuba iSpeyin yayisele ichaphazeleka yinyikima yaseLisbon ye-1755, eyavela enzulwini yolwandle. Itsunami eyabangelwa yitsunami yabangela umonakalo omkhulu kunxweme lwaseHuelva naseCádiz, yaza yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwama-2.000 XNUMX kummandla omkhulu wonxweme lwaseAndalusia. Kuzo zonke ezi zizathu, bagqibe kwelokuba baqhagamshelane nebhunga lesixeko saseChipiona, apho kuzakuqala khona lo msebenzi.
I-Chipiona yimeko yokulinga isicwangciso sokulungiselela i-tsunami, kwaye onke amanyathelo okufuneka athathwe ukulungiselela umasipala afundwayo, inxalenye yolawulo kunye nabemi kunye neenkonzo zongxamiseko. Esi sicwangciso siza kusebenza njengesikhokelo kwabanye oomasipala malunga nendlela yokulungiselela.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nomngcipheko we-tsunami eSpain kunye nendlela yokuyilungiselela.