El ipolonium (Po) yintsimbi enqabileyo kakhulu kwaye eguquguqukayo kakhulu. Ngaphambi kokufunyanwa kwepolonium yingcali yefiziksi yasePolish-French uMarie Curie ngowe-1898, iuranium kunye nethorium yayizezona zinto zaziwa ngokusasazwa ngeradioactive.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, ukusetyenziswa kunye nokubaluleka kwepolonium.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Yinto enqabileyo kwaye iguquguquka kakhulu yeradioactive element.. UCurie wayibiza ngokuba yipolonium ngemvelaphi yakhe yasePoland. IPolonium ayisebenzi kancinane ebantwini ngaphandle nje kwezicelo ezimbalwa ezisoyikisayo: Yasetyenziswa njengomqalisi kwibhombu yeathom yokuqala nanjengetyhefu ekurhaneleka ngayo ekuswelekeni kwabantu abaninzi bezinga eliphezulu. Kwizicelo zorhwebo, ipolonium ngamaxesha athile isetyenziselwa ukususa umbane ongatshintshiyo koomatshini okanye uthuli olusuka kwifilimu. Isenokusetyenziswa njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kwiisathelayithi zasemajukujukwini.
IPolonium yeyeqela le-16 kunye nexesha lesi-6 kwitheyibhile yeperiodic. Ngokutsho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, ihlelwa njengesinyithi kuba i-polonium conductivity iyancipha ngokunyuka kobushushu.
Le nto inzima kakhulu kwi-chalcogens, iqela lezinto ezibizwa ngokuba "iqela le-oxygen." Zonke i-chalcogens zikhona kwi-ore yobhedu. Ezinye izinto kwiqela le-chalcogen ziquka i-oksijeni, isulfure, i-selenium, kunye ne-tellurium.
Kukho ii-isotopes ezingama-33 ezaziwayo zale elementi yemichiza (iathom zento enye enamanani ahlukeneyo ee-neutron), kwaye zonke zi-radioactive. Ukungazinzi kwe-radioactive yale elementi kwenza ukuba ibe ngumgqatswa ofanelekileyo webhombu yeathom.
Iimpawu zoMzimba zePolonium
- Inombolo ye-atom (inani leeprotons kwinucleus): 84
- Isimboli seathom (kwitheyibhile yeperiodikhi yezinto): Po
- Ubunzima beatom (umndilili wobunzima beathom): 209
- Ubuninzi: 9.32 grams cubic centimeter nganye
- Isigaba kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi: Ziqinile
- Indawo yokunyibilika: 489.2 degrees Fahrenheit (254 degrees Celsius)
- Indawo yokuBilisa: 1,763.6 degrees F (962 degrees C)
- Eyona isotopu eqhelekileyo: Po-210 enesiqingatha-ubomi kuphela 138 iintsuku
Ukufunyanwa
Xa uCurie nomyeni wakhe, uPierre Curie, bafumanisa le nto, babekhangela umthombo we-radioactivity kwi Intsimbi ekrwada etyebileyo ngokwendalo ebizwa ngokuba yi-pitchblende. Aba babini baqaphela ukuba i-pitchblende engahlanjululwanga yayine-radioactive ngaphezu kwe-uranium eyayihlulwe kuyo. Ngoko baqiqa ngelokuba i-pitchblende imele ukuba inenye enye into eqhumayo.
AbakwaCuries bathenge iindleko ze-pitchblende ukuze babenokwahlula ngokwekhemikhali iikhompawundi kwiiminerali. Emva kweenyanga zomsebenzi onzima, ekugqibeleni balubeka bucala ulwelo olusasaza iimitha: into eyingozi ngokuphindwe ngama-400 kune-uranium, ngokutsho kweInternational Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Ukutsalwa kwePolonium kwakunzima kuba kwakukho isixa esincinane; itoni enye yentsimbi ekrwada yeuranium iqulethe kuphela malunga ne-100 micrograms (0,0001 grams) yepolonium. Nangona kunjalo, iiCuries ziye zakwazi ukukhupha isotopu ngoku eyaziwa njengePo-209, ngokutsho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry.
Ifumaneka phi
Umkhondo wePo-210 unokufumaneka emhlabeni nasemoyeni. Ngokomzekelo, i-Po-210 iveliswa ngexesha lokubola kwe-radon 222 yegesi, okubangelwa ukubola kwe-radium.
I-Radium, nayo, yimveliso ebolileyo ye-uranium, ekhoyo phantse kuwo onke amatye kunye nomhlaba owenziwe ngamatye. Ubulembu bunokufunxa ipolonium ngqo emoyeni. Kwimimandla esemantla, abantu abatya i-reindeer banokuba namanqanaba aphezulu epolonium egazini labo kuba iinyamakazi zitya i-lichen, ngokutsho kwe-Smithsonian.com.
Kuthathwa njengento enqabileyo yendalo. Nangona ikhona kwi-uranium ore, akunamali emigodini kuba kukho kuphela malunga ne-100 micrograms zepolonium kwitoni enye. (0,9 metric tons) yentsimbi ekrwada ye-uranium, ngokutsho kweJefferson Lab. Endaweni yoko, ipolonium yenziwa ngebombarding bismuth 209, isotopu ezinzileyo, eneneutron kwireactors zenyukliya.
Ngokutsho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, oku kuvelisa i-radioactive bismuth 210, ethi ke yona ibole ibe yipolonium ngenkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-beta decay. I-US Nuclear Regulatory Commission iqikelela ukuba ihlabathi livelisa kuphela malunga ne-100 grams (3,5 ounces) yepolonium-210 ngonyaka.
Sebenzisa
Ngenxa ye-radioactivity ephezulu, ipolonium inezicelo ezimbalwa zorhwebo. Ukusetyenziswa okulinganiselweyo kwesi siqalelo kubandakanya ukususa umbane omileyo koomatshini kunye nokususa uthuli kwimiqulu yeefilim.
Kuzo zombini izicelo, ipolonium kufuneka itywinwe ngononophelo ukukhusela umsebenzisi. Isixhobo sikwasetyenziswa njengomthombo we-photothermal we-thermoelectricity kwiisathelayithi kunye nezinye iziphekepheke.
Oku kungenxa yokuba ipolonium ibola ngokukhawuleza, ikhupha amandla amaninzi njengobushushu kwinkqubo. Ngokutsho kweRoyal Society of Chemistry, igram enye kuphela yepolonium ifikelela kumaqondo obushushu angama-500 ngokukaCelsius (932 degrees Fahrenheit) xa uthotywa.
Ibhombu yeatom
Embindini weMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini, uMkhosi weeNjineli woMkhosi waqala ukuququzelela iSithili seeNjineli saseManhattan, uphando oluyimfihlo ephezulu kunye nenkqubo yophuhliso eya kuthi ekugqibeleni ivelise izixhobo zokuqala zenyukliya zehlabathi.
Ngaphambi kweminyaka yee-1940, kwakungekho sizathu sokuyibekela bucala okanye ukuyivelisa ngobuninzi bayo kuba ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakungaziwa kwaye kuncinci kakhulu okwaziwayo ngayo. Kodwa iinjineli zengingqi zaqala ukufunda ipolonium, eyathi yaba sisithako esibalulekileyo kwizixhobo zabo zenyukliya. Ngokutsho kweAtomic Heritage Foundation, indibaniselwano yepolonium kunye nenye into enqabileyo, i-beryllium, iqale ibhombu. Emva kwemfazwe, inkqubo yophando lwepolonium yatshintshelwa kwiLebhu yaseMound eMiamisburg, eOhio. Igqityezelwe ngo-1949, iMound Lab yaba sisixhobo sokuqala esisisigxina seKomishoni yaMandla e-Atomic kuphuhliso lwezixhobo zenyukliya.
ityhefu yepolonium
I-Polonium inetyhefu ebantwini, nakwimali encinci kakhulu. Umntu wokuqala owabulawa yityhefu yepolonium yayiyintombi kaMarie Curie, uIrene Joriot-Curie.
Ngo-1946, i-polonium capsule yaqhuma kwibhentshi yakhe yelebhu, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yayisisizathu sokuba abe ne-leukemia kwaye wafa kwiminyaka eyi-10 kamva. Ityhefu yePolonium yaba noxanduva lokufa kuka-Alexander Litvinenko, owayesakuba yintlola yaseRashiya ehlala eLondon ngowama-2006 emva kokuba efake isicelo sokukhuselwa kwezopolitiko.
Ityhefu nayo yarhanelwa ekufeni kwenkokeli yasePalestine uYasser Arafat ngo-2004, xa amanqanaba aphezulu epolonium-210 afunyenwe kwimpahla yakhe, iWall Street Journal yabika.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nepolonium kunye neempawu zayo.