Namhlanje siza kuthetha ngelinye lamasebe e-geology egxile ekufundeni amatye, imvelaphi, ukwakheka kunye nezinto ezibonakalayo kunye neekhemikhali kunye nokusasazwa komhlaba. Eli sebe geology kuthiwa petrology. Igama elithi petrology livela kwi-petro ebonakalayo lithetha ntoni ilitye kunye neelogo ukuba kuthetha ntoni isifundo. Kukho iyantlukwano ne-lithology egxile kulwakhiwo lwerwala lwendawo enikiweyo. Kwipetroloji ipetrogenesis. Imalunga nemvelaphi yamatye.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, imvelaphi kunye nezifundo zepetrogenesis.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-Petrology yahlulwe yangamacandelo ahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwerwala ekufuneka lifundwe. Ke ngoko, kukho amasebe amabini okwahlulahlulwa kwezifundo Ngaba i-petrology yamatye e-sedimentary kunye ne-petrology yamatye e-igneous kunye nokuguquluka. Eyokuqala yaziwa ngegama le-petrology exogenous kwaye elesibini ngegama le-petrology engapheliyo. Kukho namanye amasebe ahluka ngokwenjongo ecetywayo yokufunda amatye. Kukho uhlobo lweprografi yenkcazo yamatye kunye ne-petrogenesis ukumisela imvelaphi yabo.
I-Petrogenesis yinto ebalulekileyo kuba kukwenziwa kunye nemvelaphi yamatye. Njengokuba kukho enye i-petrology esetyenzisiweyo egxile kwiimpawu zebhayoloji zamatye. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba ukuqonda okufanelekileyo kweempawu zebhayoloji zamatye kunokusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezininzi ezibaluleke kakhulu, ezinjengokwakha nokukhupha izibonelelo zabantu.
Ke ngoko, eli sebe lesayensi libaluleke kakhulu ukusukela Iliwa lenza inkxaso ebalulekileyo kuwo onke amalungu omzimba. Kubalulekile ukwazi ubume, imvelaphi nokwakheka kwamatye esibeka kuwo kunye nokwakha iziseko zethu. Ngaphambi kokwenza naluphi na uhlobo lokwakha izakhiwo, izakhiwo, njl. Isifundo sokuqala seentlobo zamatye ezikhoyo kwisiseko solwakhiwo kufuneka zenziwe ukuthintela ukubakho kokudakumba, izikhukula, iintlekele, ukuthambeka komhlaba, njl. Amatye ayinto ekrwada ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yabantu.
Imvelaphi petrology kunye petrogenesis
Inzala ematyeni ibisoloko ikhona emntwini. Yinto ehlala ihleli kwimeko yendalo eyenze ukuba iteknoloji iphuhle ukusukela kumaxesha angaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali. Izixhobo zokuqala zomntu zazenziwe ngamatye kwaye zazala iminyaka yonke. Yaziwa njengeLitye Age. Igalelo lokukwazi ukusetyenziswa kwamatye liqhubele phambili ngakumbi e-China, Greece nakwinkcubeko yama-Arab. Ihlabathi lasentshona ligxininisa imibhalo ka-Aristotle apho bathetha khona malunga nokusebenziseka kwabo.
Nangona kunjalo, nangona abantu sele besebenze nomhlaba ukusukela kumaxesha angaphambi kokubhalwa kwembali, imvelaphi ye-petrology njengenzululwazi inxulumene ngokusondeleyo nemvelaphi ye-geology. I-Geology yinzululwazi yomama kwaye yadityaniswa ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX xa yonke imigaqo yayo yaqala ukusekwa. Petrology ngenxa kunye nakwimpikiswano yesayensi eyaphuhlayo phakathi kokuvela kwamatye. Ngale mpikiswano, kwavela iinkampu ezimbini ezaziwa ngokuba ziiNeptunists kunye nePlutonists.
I-Neptunists ngabo bathi amatye avela kwi intlenga yentlabathi kunye ne-crystallization yezimbiwa kulwandle lwamandulo olugubungele iplanethi iphela. Ngesi sizathu, baziwa ngegama lamaNeptunist, bebhekisa kuThixo wamaRoma wolwandle iNeptune. Kwelinye icala sineePlutonists. Bacinga ukuba imvelaphi yamatye iqala kwimagma kwezona ndawo zinzulu zeplanethi yethu ezibangelwa ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Igama lamaPlutonist livela kuThixo wamaRoma wePluto.
Olona lwazi lwanamhlanje kunye nophuhliso lwetekhnoloji lusivumela ukuba siqonde ukuba zombini ezi zikhundla zinokuba nengcaciso malunga nenyani. Kwaye la matye e-sedimentary avela ngeenkqubo ezinxulumene ne-intuition ezazinayo i-Neptunists, ngelixa i-volcanic, i-plutonic igneous rock kunye ne-metamorphic rock inemvelaphi yayo kwiinkqubo ezingqinelana neengxoxo ze-plutonists.
Izifundo zePetrology
Nje ukuba sazi ukuba yintoni imvelaphi kunye nezikhundla ezahlukeneyo zepetroloji, siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iinjongo zesifundo. Ihlanganisa yonke imvelaphi yamatye nayo yonke into enxulumene nolwakhiwo lwayo. Babandakanya imvelaphi, iinkqubo ezizivelisayo, indawo kwi-lithosphere apho zenziwe khona kunye nobudala bazo. Ikwanoxanduva lokufunda izinto kunye neempawu zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zamatye. Indawo yokugqibela engabalulekanga kangako yokufunda kukuhambisa kunye ne-petrogenesis yamatye kuqweqwe lomhlaba.
Ngaphakathi kwe-petrology, i-petrogenesis yamatye angaphandle ayafundwa. Onke lawo ngamatye avela kwindawo engaphandle. Ngapha koko, amatye avela kwimeteorites nakwinyanga ngoku afundwayo.
Iindidi petrogenesis
Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, kukho amasebe aliqela ale sayensi kwaye ahlelwa kwiinkqubo ezintathu ze-petrogenesis ezivelisa amatye: i-sedimentary, igneous kunye ne-metamorphic rock. Ke ngoko, kuxhomekeke kwindawo yemvelaphi yeliwa ngalinye, kukho amasebe amabini e-petrology:
- Eyohlukileyo: ujongene nokufunda onke la matye avela kumazantsi enzulu omhlaba. Oko kukuthi, lijongene nokufundwa kwamatye e-sedimentary. Ezi ntlobo zamatye zenziwa kukucinezelwa kwezidumbu emva kokufakwa kwazo kunye nokuthuthwa ziiarhente zejoloji ezifana nemvula nomoya. Ezi ntlenga zifakwe kwizigidi zeminyaka. Ngaphezulu kwako konke, kwenzeka kumanqanaba asezantsi asezantsi njengamachibi kunye neelwandle. Kwaye kukuba amacandelo alandelelanayo atyumza, acinezela izidalwa kwizigidi zeminyaka.
- Imvelaphi: Nguye ophetheyo ukufundisisa iintlobo zamatye ezibunjiweyo kwezona ndawo zinzulu zekhephu kunye nengubo yomhlaba. Apha sinamatye e-volcanic kunye neplutonic, amatye e-metamorphic. Kwimeko yamatye angenanto, ayenyuka ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ngokutyhoboza nokuphola, esenza amatye. Ukuba beza kumphezulu weentaba-mlilo ngamatye e-volcanic. Ukuba zenziwe ngaphakathi zingamatye e-plutonic. Amatye e-Metamorphic avela kumatye agneous okanye e-sedimentary athe aphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu. Ziingxondorha zazo zombini iindidi ezenziwa kubunzulu obukhulu. Zonke ezi meko zivelisa utshintsho kubume nakwindlela eyakhiwe ngayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-petrogenesis kunye neendidi zayo.