Xa sithetha ngeenyikima kudla ngokubakho isigama esinokuthi maxa wambi sibhideke kumndilili wabemi. Kule meko, siza kuthetha ngekota inyakanyaka yenyikima. Ligama elisetyenziswa kakhulu xa kusenzeka ezi ziganeko kwaye abantu abaninzi abayazi ukuba lithetha ukuthini.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni i-seismic swarm, zeziphi iimpawu zayo kunye nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani ukuyazi.
Yintoni i-seismic swarm
I-seismic swarm liqela leenyikima ezikufutshane, zobukhulu obuthile, ezenzeka enye emva kwenye ekuhambeni kwexesha, kunokuba nganye ilandele inyikima enye enkulu neenyikima ezincinane eziliqela.
Iipleyiti eziqinileyo okanye eziqinileyo apho amazwekazi ahlala khona adada phezu kwe-asthenosphere eshushu, ebonakalayo kumphezulu wengubo. Ngokucinezela enye phezu kwenye, iinyikima zenzeka, kodwa kungekhona ngenxa yoko kuphela.
Kwimeko yaseGrenada, Ummandla ochatshazelwa yi-seismic swarm unikezwa liqela leempazamo ezithe zaqokelela amandla kwaye zandulelwa ziinyikima.
Ngaba iinyikima ezincinci ezininzi zingcono kunenyikima enkulu enezothuso zasemva? Ngokubanzi, ukusuka kwimbono eyonakalisayo, ewe. Ngokubhekiselele kumandla, ekubeni isikali si-logarithmic, ukukhula kukhawuleza. Kuthatha imilinganiselo emincinci emininzi ukulingana nobukhulu obunye. Iinyikima ezininzi zobukhulu obuyi-4,5 zithetha ukuba iinyikima azinamandla kangako kunezo zobukhulu besi-5.
Namhlanje, oosonzululwazi bathetha ngesikali somzuzu (MW). EYurophu, i-4,5MW kunye ne-V-VI "yomelele kakhulu", njengeyona nto inamandla eGranada. Xa kusenzeka inyikima enkulu, ayikhe yenzeke yodwa. Kuhlala kukho uhlengahlengiso. Abo bayilandelayo banciphisa ukuqina kwabo, okuqhelekileyo. Kanjalo, amandla atshabalalisayo enyikima awanxulumananga kuphela nobunzulu bentshukumo yomthombo., kodwa kunye nobunzulu kunye nomgama ukusuka kumthombo.
Ingaba inyikima ihlala ixesha elingakanani?
Kunzima ukuqikelela ukuba inyikima iya kuhlala ixesha elingakanani kuba kunzima ukuqikelela. Kuya kuthatha ixesha elide njengoko iinyikima ezincinci zikho kunye neenyikima zazo. Inxalenye esemazantsi ye-peninsula ibekwe kwindawo yoqhagamshelwano lweepleyiti ezimbini ezinkulu zetectonic: iipleyiti zase-eurasia kunye nezaseAfrika. Ukusuka kuloo ngquzulwano, ipleyiti yaseAfrika ityhala kwaye iqokelele amandla.
Ubume benyikima nganye yahlukile, kodwa eSpain ngokuqhelekileyo inxulumene neempazamo, iintanda kuqweqwe lomhlaba ezikhupha amandla. Oku kuqhelekile ngokupheleleyo. Bekusenzeka kwaye kuseza kuqhubeka ukwenzeka. I-Afrika ityhala malunga ne-4 okanye i-5 millimeters ngonyaka ukuya kwi-peninsula.
I-microplate ebizwa ngokuba yi-Iberian microplate iphantsi koxinzelelo lwe-Nubian plate enkulu (apho i-Afrika ikhona), ehamba ngasenyakatho-ntshona, kodwa ayikhawulezi kakhulu. Lo msebenzi ubandakanya ukusonga kunye nokuphosisa. Kodwa asinawo umda wepleyiti ocace gca, ibhanti letectonic umsebenzi omalunga neekhilomitha ezingama-600.
Kwinxalenye esempuma ye-peninsula, kufuphi neGranada, i-Almería kunye ne-Murcia, kunokuthiwa umhlaba unweba okanye ulila. Entshona, eCádiz naseAlgarve, iyaxinzelelwa. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwala macwecwe mabini kwaqala malunga nezigidi ezingama-40 kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye kusaqhubeka nanamhlanje. Kancinci kancinci, baya kwenza iMeditera inyamalale. Kwiminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-50, udederhu lweentaba ezinkulu ezinqumla kwindawo ngoku esemazantsi eYurophu ziyakuthatha indawo yazo.
UMzantsi weSpain untsokothile ngokwe-geodynamically. Eyona nyikima inkulu kwi-peninsula yenzeke eGranada, kodwa yayikubunzulu obufikelela kuma-600 km. Ngo-2010 bekukho i-6,4 ye-magnitude, kodwa akukho mntu wayiqaphelayo kuba yayinzulu kakhulu. Akukho siseko senzululwazi sokulindela inyikima enkulu eGrenada.
Ngaba iinyikima zinokuxelwa kwangaphambili?
Impendulo emfutshane nguhayi. Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yeemephu zomngcipheko, izifundo zengozi kunye nothotho lwembali, siyazi ukuba ziya kwenzeka phi, kodwa akwaziwa ukuba nini. Ukuba siyithelekisa nezibikezelo zemozulu, apha sibona uqwalaselo oluninzi esilwenzayo kwi-atmosfera (i-satellites, probes, imilinganiselo eqhubekayo kumgama kunye ne-situ ...). Phantsi kweenyawo zethu, nangona kunjalo, asinambono kunye nenani elifanayo lezinzwa. Ukongezelela, iinyikima zithobela izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.
EGranada, inyikima yokugqibela enkulu yokugqibela yenzeka kwisixeko saseArenas del Rey ngowe-1884. Iingingqi ezili-106 zachaphazeleka, ezingama-39 kuzo zachaphazeleka kakhulu. Yayitshabalalisa ngokupheleleyo iArenas del Rey kunye neVentas de Zafarraya, kwafuneka zakhiwe ngokutsha.
Kufuneka kwenziwe ntoni?
Ngokutsho koMlawuli Jikelele woKhuseleko loLuntu:
Ukuba ungaphakathi kwisakhiwo, qiniseka ukuba:
- Funa ikhusi phantsi kwelinen okanye ifanitshala eyomeleleyonjengetafile okanye idesika, okanye kufuphi nentsika enkulu okanye udonga.
- Hlala kude neefestile, iingcango zeglasi, iikhabhathi, izahluli, kunye nezinto ezinokuwa kwaye zikubethe.
- Musa ukusebenzisa ilifti.
- Sebenzisa izibane zokukhanyisa kwaye uphephe amakhandlela, iimatshisi okanye amadangatye alo naluphi na uhlobo.
Ukuba inyikima iyakumangalisa phesheya, kufuneka:
- Hambela kwiindawo ezivulekileyo, kude nezakhiwo ezonakeleyo.
- Zama ukungasondeli okanye ungene kwizakhiwo ezonakeleyo. Ingozi enkulu kukuqhelaniswa ngokuthe nkqo kwe-facade.
- ukuba uyaqhuba, kucetyiswa ukuba uhlale emotweni kwaye uhlale kude neebhulorho, iipali zoncedo, izakhiwo ezidilikayo, okanye iindawo ezidilikayo.
- Kwinqanaba elakhayo, ukuba uhlala kwindawo esemngciphekweni wokuzamazama komhlaba, uthotho lwezilumkiso uyacetyiswa: Lawula into eyehla kuqala: itshimini okanye i-eves kunye nemigca yokubonelela. Ngaphakathi kwendlu kufuneka ukhusele ngokufanelekileyo izinto ezinzima kunye nezibuthathaka, kwaye ugcine izinto ezinobuthi okanye ezinokutsha.
Ukulandela inyikima ye-2011 Lorca (Murcia) eyonakalisayo, i-ICOG yaqulunqa iMithetho Elishumi ejoliswe ekunciphiseni umonakalo wenyikima eSpeyin, ibiza ukuhlaziywa rhoqo kwimigangatho yokwakha echasene nenyikima.
Njengoko ubona, i-seismic swarm ingaba yingozi ukuba amanyathelo okhuseleko kunye namanyathelo awathathwa. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-seismic swarm, iimpawu zayo kunye nobungozi.