Un inkwili yentaba-mlilo Yeyona ingaphantsi komhlaba wolwandle. Ineempawu ezahlukeneyo nangona imisebenzi efanayo. Ukubunjwa kwayo kukwafana ne-volcano ye-classical surface. Zibaluleke kakhulu kumjikelo wokwakha kunye nokutshatyalaliswa komgangatho wolwandle.
Ngoko ke, siza kunikela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele yonke into oyifunayo ukuyazi malunga ne-volcano ye-submarine, ziphi iimpawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka.
Yintoni intaba-mlilo engaphantsi kwamanzi
Iintaba-mlilo eziphantsi kwamanzi ziyinto eyenzeka emazantsi olwandle, ifana naleyo yenzeka encotsheni yeentaba eziphakamileyo kuMhlaba, apho udaka oluvuthayo luwela ngaphantsi kwamanzi.
Xa bekhafula udaka, batshabalalisa baze bakhe; Ziyaziwa ngokonakalisa umgangatho wolwandle kwaye zibulale iintlobo ezikhoyo malunga nogqabhuko-dubulo, kodwa zakha ngokukhupha izondlo ezivumela iibhaktheriya kunye nokukwazi ukusinda kumaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo ukuze kuvele iintlobo ezintsha.
Ukufunyanwa kookrebe abakhulu kunye neentlobo ezingaziwa ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwiiSolomon Islands, apho kukho intaba-mlilo yaseKavaki, Sisiphumo seegesi kunye nesinyithi eziphuma kugqabhuko-mlilo lwangaphantsi kwamanzi oluthanda imichiza yamanzi., ngokutsho kwabaphandi.
Olu qulunqo lweekhemikhali lunokwenza amakhonkco okutya amakhulu kunye neentlobo ezintsha ezikwazi ukunyamezela ukushisa ezizalise iindawo apho ezinye izinto eziphilayo zazikho ngaphambili.
Yenziwa njani intaba-mlilo engaphantsi kwamanzi?
Iintaba-mlilo zangaphantsi kwamanzi zizalelwa kwiintanda, iimpazamo zejoloji okanye kwiintanda ezahlula iipleyiti zetectonic. Zisuka kwiindawo ezibuthathaka kuqweqwe lomhlaba apho udaka lodaka luzama ukufikelela phezulu. Xa bekhupha i-lava, benza iindawo ezintsha kumgangatho wolwandle.
Kukholelwa ukuba kukho iintaba-mlilo ezingaphezu kwama-3.000 2.000 ehlabathini, nezinokufunyanwa ngokukhuselekileyo kufutshane nomhlaba okanye kubunzulu obungaphezu kweemitha ezingama-XNUMX XNUMX. Ezi ntaba-mlilo zikhafula i-70% ye-magma yazo yonyaka, enceda ukwenza uqweqwe olutsha. Ubukho bemijelo okanye i-hydrothermal vents kubonisa ukuba umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo wenziwa kwindawo ethile. Umzekelo, kwiZiqithi zaseHawaii kukho intaba-mlilo eshushu engaphantsi kolwandle engaxhomekekanga kwimimandla eyahlukeneyo evela kwiindawo ezishushu.
Iindawo ezishushu ziindawo apho i-magma ikhutshwa khona kwaye uqweqwe luhamba phezu kwayo, lwenza iintaba-mlilo ezintsha, ezinceda ukulungelelanisa iziqithi. Iintaba-mlilo ezikufutshane nomphezulu zinokwenza iziqithi elwandle; ezo zinzulu zidala iipleyiti ezidlulanayo kwaye ziguqule i-ecosystem esezantsi.
Ziyingozi?
Intaba-mlilo yaseMarsili inkwili
Nangona uninzi lweentaba-mlilo zangaphantsi kwamanzi zingabi yingozi enkulu, ezinye ziye zatsalela ingqalelo kuluntu lwezenzululwazi, njengeMarsili, eyona ntaba-mlilo inkulu eYurophu, Iikhilomitha ezili-150 ukusuka eLombardo, eItali.
Yintaba-mlilo enkulu yeekhilomitha ezintathu ephantsi kwamanzi esebenza kakhulu kwaye ihlala itsala umdla kunye nengqalelo yoluntu lwezenzululwazi.
Intaba-mlilo ephantsi kwamanzi eKolumbo
Ezinye iintaba-mlilo ziye zatshabalalisa iziqithi ngexesha logqabhuko-gqabhuko-dubulo, nto leyo ebangela iingozi ezininzi, njengokugqabhuka kwentaba-mlilo. INtaba iKolumbo ekwisiqithi saseGrisi iSantorini ngowe-1628, eyaginya inxalenye enkulu yesi siqithi. Intaba-mlilo iphantsi kohlolisiso oluqhubekayo ukuze kuthintelwe enye intlekele.
intaba-mlilo ephantsi kwamanzi eTonga
Ifumaneka kwisiqithi saseTonga eNtshona Polynesia, eOceania, iColumbo submarine volcano yityathanga leentaba-mlilo eziyenza ibe yenye yezona ndawo zinentaba-mlilo eqhumayo emhlabeni kuba iarchipelago ilele kumda wetectonic plate edibanisa iOstreliya kunye nolwandle. Iringi yomlilo yoLwandlekazi lwePasifiki.
Intaba-mlilo yaseHunga ngaphantsi kwamanzi
NgoDisemba 2014, intaba-mlilo yaseHunga yaqhuma ngamandla kwaye yahlala isebenza iiveki ezininzi. ukudala isiqithi esitsha iikhilomitha ezi-2 ubude kunye neemitha ezili-100 ukuphakama.
Intaba-mlilo yaseKrakatoa engaphantsi kwamanzi
Mhlawumbi eyona ntaba-mlilo idumileyo ngokutshatyalaliswa kwayo yiKrakatoa, eyagqabhuka ngo-Agasti 27, 1883 yaza yanyamalala kwisiqithi saseJava. Yavela kwindlela yolwandle ngaphezu kweminyaka elikhulu eyadlulayo kwaye ibisoloko iqhushumba. Ngo-2018, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lwabangela itsunami, iliza elikhulu eIndonesia labulala abantu abangama-300 laza lenzakalisa abanye abayi-1,000.
Ukongeza kwiKrakatoa, kukho iintaba-mlilo ezininzi ezidumileyo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi, njengeKilauea kwiZiqithi zaseHawaii, ezinomtsalane kubakhenkethi. Le yintaba-mlilo engaphantsi kwamanzi eyavela kumawaka eminyaka ukuze yenze isiqithi saseHawaii. Maxa wambi iphinda ikhuphe udaka elwandle, nto leyo eyahlukileyo kumlilo oqaqambileyo onwenwa kumanzi aluhlaza, usenza umfanekiso omibalabala otsala abakhenkethi ukuba batyelele.
Curiosities
- Ngo-2011, kwi-Isla del Hierro ekwiCanary Islands, intaba-mlilo yadubula kangangeenyanga ezintlanu.
- Ngo-2013, eJapan, intaba-mlilo engaphantsi kwamanzi kufuphi nesiqithi saseShimo yakhupha izinto ezininzi zentaba-mlilo kangangokuba yagqabhuka phezulu, idityanisiwe kwaye yandiswa amaxesha ali-11.
- I-Iceland yaziwa nangeentaba-mlilo eziphantsi kwamanzi, ezitsala abakhenkethi abavela kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi.
- Izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba kukho amawakawaka eentaba-mlilo ezikwinkwili ekhoyo ehlabathini lonke ezikhupha malunga nama-75 ekhulwini eentaba-mlilo nyaka ngamnye. Kwakhona, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kwinkwili-manzi lunceda ukwenza uqweqwe olutsha.
- Uninzi lweentaba-mlilo ezikwinkwili zenzeke kwiindawo apho amacwecwe olwandle ahlukanayo, njengeMid-Atlantic Ridge. Inani elincinci leentaba ze-submarine lizimeleyo kwindawo yokukhupha umoya, ephuma kwiindawo ezishushu ezaziwayo, ezifana neZiqithi zaseHawaii, apho kukho indawo esisigxina apho i-magma ivela khona kwaye i-crust ihamba phezu kwayo, yenze i-volcano entsha, kuba yintoni, umzekelo, iZiqithi zaseHawaii zilungelelanisiwe.
- Isalathisi esihle somsebenzi wentaba-mlilo kwindawo ubukho be-fumaroles okanye i-hydrothermal vents, ebonisa ukuba indawo kulapho i-magma isondele kakhulu kumphezulu, kwaye ke ngoko kusenokwenzeka ukuba ikufuphi neentaba-mlilo zenkwili.
- Uhlobo lwentaba-mlilo ephantsi kwamanzi nogqabhuko-dubulo luxhomekeke ubukhulu becala kubunzulu obufumaneka kubo, ekubeni uxinzelelo luyinto ebaluleke kakhulu.
- Ugqabhuko-dubulo lunokuba ngamanqam okanye luqhubeke ngokuhamba kwexesha; ukuba ziyaqhubeka kwaye zihlala ixesha elide, izinto zentaba-mlilo zinokunyuka ziye phezulu zize zenze iziqithi ezitsha, ezinjenge-Iceland, ehleli kumqolo kuLwandlekazi lweAtlantiki.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-volcano ye-submarine kunye neempawu zayo.