La inkwenkwezi ye-neutron kunye neenkwenkwezi ze-quark, njengemingxuma emnyama, zizinto ezinomdla. I-Astrophysics iphuhlise ngokwaneleyo ukusinika ulwazi olubaluleke kakhulu malunga nabo, olusikhuthaza ukuba siqhubeke sinikela ingqalelo, sinethemba lokuba i-cosmologists inokuqonda ngakumbi kwaye isincede siqonde ngokuchanekileyo inkqubo ebangela uqeqesho lwabo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyazi malunga neenkwenkwezi ze-neutron, iimpawu zabo kunye nemvelaphi.
Inkwenkwezi yeNeutron
Nangona ezi nkwenkwezi ezine-neutron kunye ne-quarks ziyi-protagonists zangempela zeli nqaku, ukuze siziqonde, sinomdla wokuqala wokuhlaziya inkqubo yobomi beenkwenkwezi. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphambi kokuba singene kumgubo, kubonakala kubalulekile ukwenza ingxelo yenjongo: awuyi kufumana i-equation kweli nqaku. Akuyomfuneko ukuba baqonde ngokuchanekileyo nangokuqondayo ukuba iinkqubo zomzimba ezinomdla ezichaza umsebenzi wabo wokwakheka zisebenza njani.
Iinkwenkwezi zenziwe ngamafu othuli kunye negesi esasazeke kwindalo iphela. Xa ingxinano yelinye lamafu iphezulu ngokwaneleyo, umxhuzulane uya kusebenza kuwo, nto leyo eya kukhuthaza ukubonakala kwenkqubo engadinwayo ebizwa ngokuba yi-gravitational contraction, eya kuthi ihlanganise izinto eziqulethwe lifini ize ngokuthe ngcembe yenze iinkwenkwezi ezincinane okanye iiprotostars. Eli nqanaba lokuvela kweenkwenkwezi libizwa ngokuba lolona landelelwano luphambili, apho iinkwenkwezi zifumana amandla ngokufinyela komxhuzulane.
Umvelaphi
Phantse I-70% yobunzima beenkwenkwezi yi-hydrogen, i-24-26% yi-helium kwaye i-4-6% eseleyo yindibaniselwano yezinto zekhemikhali. inzima kune-helium. Ubomi benkwenkwezi nganye buchatshazelwa kukubunjwa kwayo kokuqala, kodwa okona kubaluleke kakhulu, buchaphazeleka kakhulu bubunzima bayo, obungeyonto ingaphezulu kobungakanani bento enokuthi umxhuzulane uqokelele kwaye udibanise kwindawo ethile.
Okubangela umdla kukuba, iinkwenkwezi ezininzi ezikhulu zisebenzisa amafutha ngokukhawuleza kuneenkwenkwezi ezincinci, njengoko siza kubona kulo lonke eli nqaku, ziphila ubomi obufutshane kwaye, okona kubaluleke kakhulu, zinobundlobongela kwaye ziyamangalisa. Njengoko ukufinyela komxhuzulane kufinyeza izinto eziqulethwe efini, ubushushu balo buyanda ngokuthe ngcembe.
Ukuba umyinge wemathiriyeli eqokelelweyo mkhulu ngokwaneleyo, uxinzelelo kunye neemeko zobushushu ezifunekayo ekudibaneni okuzenzekelayo kwe-hydrogen nuclei ngokusebenzisa iintshukumo zokudibanisa kwenyukliya ziya kuvela kwinucleus. Xa ubushushu bombindi weprotostar bufikelela kwi-10 lezigidi zeedigri ngokukaCelsius, kubakho ukuvutha kwehydrogen. Umzuzu ukwenzeka kwezi meko lixesha apho iziko lenyukliya livulwa. kwaye inkwenkwezi iqalisa isigaba esibizwa ngokuba lolona landelelwano luphambili, apho ithi itsale amandla ekudibaneni kweenuclei zehydrogen.
Udibaniso olungundoqo
Imveliso ye-hydrogen fusion yi-nucleus entsha ye-helium, ngoko ukubunjwa kwenkwenkwezi kuqala ukutshintsha. Kule nkqubo, umthamo omkhulu wamandla ukhutshwa kwaye iinkwenkwezi zinyanzeliswa ukuba zihlale zilungelelaniswa ukuze zigcine ibhalansi ye-hydrostatic. Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi banezixhobo zemathematika ezinokuchaza le nkqubo ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa sinomdla wokwazi ukuba i-hydrostatic equilibrium bubunzima obugcina inkwenkwezi izinzile.
Ukufezekisa oku, kubalulekile ukuba imikhosi emibini ephikisanayo ihlale kunye kwaye ikhuphisane. Enye yazo kukufinyeza komxhuzulane, othi, njengoko sibonile, ucinezele izinto zenkwenkwezi, ziyikhama ngokungenalusini. Olunye luxinzelelo lwemitha kunye negesi, olusisiphumo sokuvutha kweziko lenyukliya, elizama ukwandisa inkwenkwezi. Ukulungiswa rhoqo okufunyanwa ziinkwenkwezi xa zisebenzisa i-hydrogen kwaye zivelisa i-helium nuclei entsha inoxanduva lokuyigcina ilungelelene, ngoko ukucutha komxhuzulane kwelinye icala, i-radiation kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi kwelinye, zigcinwe kwindawo.
Kule nkqubo, undoqo wenkwenkwezi unyanzelwa ukuba uvume ukunyusa ubushushu bawo kwaye uthintele ukuwa komxhuzulane. Ukuba ayikwazi ukulinganisa ngenxa yoxinzelelo lwemitha kunye negesi, igwetyelwe ukudilika komxhuzulane. Ukuba ubunzima beenkwenkwezi bukhulu ngokwaneleyo, ingundoqo yayo iya kutshisa kwaye icinezele kakhulu kangangokuba xa i-hydrogen iphelile, i-helium core iya kuxubana. Ukususela kuloo mzuzu ukuya phambili, inkqubo ebizwa ngokuba yi-triple alpha iyakuqala.
Iimpawu zeenkwenkwezi ze-neutron
Esi siganeko sichaza indlela apho ii-nuclei ezintathu ze-helium zidibanisa ngayo ukuvelisa i-carbon nucleus, kwaye yenzeka kubushushu obungaphezulu kobushushu bokudibanisa kwe-hydrogen nuclei. Kule nkqubo, inkwenkwezi iya kuqhubeka isitya i-helium yokugcina i-helium, ivelise i-carbon nuclei kwaye ilungelelanise ukugcina ibhalansi egqibeleleyo, kwakhona ngenxa yemiphumo edibeneyo yokunciphisa i-gravitational kunye nemitha kunye noxinzelelo lwegesi. Kulapho ingasayi kuyeka ukuvelisa ikhabhoni.
Xa le elementi iphelelwe kumbindi, ilungisa kwakhona, icinezele kwaye inyuse ubushushu bayo kwakhona ukuphepha ukuwohloka komxhuzulane. Ukusukela kweli nqanaba ukuya phambili, i-carbon core iya kuvutha ngenkqubo yokudibanisa kwenyukliya kwaye iqalise ukuvelisa iikhemikhali ezinzima.
Nangona kumbindi wenkwenkwezi, ukudibanisa kwekhabhoni kwenzeka kwinqanaba eliphezulu, ukuvutha kwe-helium kuhlala kungatshintshi. Kwaye ngaphezu kwale hydrogen. Kwinkqubo ye-stellar nucleosynthesis, igama lenkqubo apho ukusabela kwenyukliya kwenzeka ngaphakathi kwezi zinto, iinkwenkwezi zithatha i-hierarchical structure efana netswele. Ezona zinto zinzima zisembindini, kwaye ukusuka apho sifumana izinto ezikhaphukhaphu eziya zisanda enye emva kwenye.
Iinkwenkwezi eneneni zinoxanduva lokuvelisa imichiza. Kuyo zidityanisiwe ioksijini, ikhabhoni, ihydrogen, initrogen, icalcium kunye nephosphorus ezenza i99% yobunzima bomzimba wethu. Kwaye izinto zekhemikhali ezenza i-1% eseleyo. Umcimbi osenzayo asikho nje thina, kodwa yonke into esingqongileyo ivela kwiinkwenkwezi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga inkwenkwezi ye-neutron kunye neempawu zayo.