Inkqubo yeBetic

Namhlanje siza kuthetha Inkqubo yeBetic. Ngokokuma komhlaba, eli qela leentaba lisuka kwiGulf of Cádiz liye kuLuntu lwaseValencian kunye nonxweme olusemazantsi kwiiIlearic Islands. Ngasemantla, umda weGuadalquivir Basin kunye nomda osemazantsi we-Iberia massif kunye ne-Iberia System, ngelixa i-Alboran Sea ikumda osemazantsi. Nangona kunjalo, njengeePyrenees, ngokwembono yokwakheka komhlaba, inabela ngaphaya kwemida yelizwe, inabela emazantsi nakumantla mpuma phantsi koLwandle iAlboran, kwaye inxenye yolwakhiwo lwayo aluphazanyiswa ngumazantsi weMeditera.yinxalenye yebhotwe leBalearic esiqithini. YeMallorca.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngenkqubo yeBetic, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Uluhlu lweentaba lusisiphumo senkqubo yoxinzelelo eyaqala ekupheleni kweCretaceous malunga nezigidi ezili-100 zeminyaka eyadlulayo kwaye ichaphazela ikakhulu imiphetho esemantla kunye esemazantsi eIberia Plate. Ubume bayo kunye nokudaleka okulandelayo kunzima kuba sisiphumo sokudibana kwamacwecwe amabini amakhulu kunye nebhloko yelizwekazi, namhlanje i-Alboran microplate, eyakha ibhanti elingaphakathi loluhlu lwentaba, yafudukela ngasentshona kwaye ekugqibeleni yadibana nomda waseMesozoic. nasemantla ntshona e-Afrika, besenza uluhlu lweentaba zeBetica-Rifeña.

Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwinqanaba le-cortical kukuba akukho luhlobo lweengcambu lufunyenweyo phantsi koluhlu lweentaba, njengoko kunjalo nakwezinye iinkqubo zealpine orogenic. Nangona uqweqwe oluthile lubonwa, alugqithi kwiikhilomitha ezingama-40 nakweyiphi na imeko. Enye into ephawuleka kwinqanaba le-cortical kukucutha okukhawulezayo okunokujongwa kwindawo engapha konxweme. apho ubukhulu be-crust bujikeleze iikhilomitha ezingama-22. Indawo leyo, iqhubeka ukuya kulwandle lwaseAlboran apho sele ifikelela kubuncinci bayo, ziikhilomitha ezili-15 ubukhulu.

Ubume benkqubo yeBetic

Ngokunikwa kwezi mpawu zethambeka lesiseko kunye nokusetyenziswa kweendlela ezithile zokwenza izinto kunye nolwakhiwo, zikhokelele ekwahlukaniseni inkqubo ye-Betic njengakwiRif kwiindawo ezimbini ezinkulu kunye nokwahlula abantwana kunye nokwahlulwa kunxibelelwano lweetectonic. Ngapha koko, ezi ndawo zimbini zinemvelaphi eyahlukeneyo ye-paleogeographic. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi ezi ndawo zimbini okanye le mimandla:

• Ummandla wase-Iberia waseZantsi okanye iiNdawo zangaphandle: Le mimandla yahlukile kuzo zombini ezi ntaba kwaye zenziwa ngamatye aseMesozoic kunye neCenozoic ajikelezayo kwaye asongwe ngaphandle kokuba naluphi na uhlobo lokuguqulwa kwemeko oluhambelana nentlenga yolwandle lwaseTethys.
• Indawo yeAlboran okanye iMimandla yangaphakathi: le mimandla yenziwe. Ukuqokelelwa kweengubo zokwehla komhlaba ngezixhobo ezisisiseko semetamorphic. Imvelaphi inxulumene nokufuduka kwemicroplate yaseAlboran ebekwe mpuma.

Ukongeza kule mimandla mikhulu, sinako ukwahlula inkqubo ye-Betic kwezinye iindawo ezinje ngezi zilandelayo:

• Umjelo weeFlyschs zeCampo de Gibraltar: akukho ziko lesizinda linxulunyaniswa nalo kuba uhlobo lwe-crust apho ikhoyo phantse alwaziwa kwaphela, luqhelekile kuzo zombini iintaba kwaye lubekwe kumacala omabini eStrait yaseGibraltar.
• Ukudakumba okuPhakamileyo kweMfundo: ezi depress zenziwe nge-negenegene kunye ne-quaternary sediment. Uninzi lwezi zidalwa ziveliswe kukhukuliseko lwezixhobo ezingqonge indawo engqongileyo. Yahluke ikakhulu kwizitya ezingaselunxwemeni ezahlukileyo 3030 30 ukuya kuluhlu lweentaba -Uxinzelelo lweGuadalquivir- kunye nezinye iindawo zangaphakathi -Uxinzelelo lweGranada, iGuadix-Baza, Almería-Sorbas, Vera-Cuevas de Almanzora neMurcia ikakhulu.
• I-Neogene-Quaternary mlilo: Imelwe kwindawo yeCabo de Gata kunye neMurcia. Le volcano kwaye ayihambelani nokubonakaliswa kwe-voloic ye-postogenic enxulumene nee-tectonics zamva nje ngenxa yokutshintsha kweepleyiti ezininzi.

Iindawo zenkqubo yeBetic

Siza kuhlalutya iindawo zenkqubo yeBetic kunye neempawu zazo. Siqala kwindawo yangaphandle.

Indawo yangaphandle

Bangamatye e-Mesozoic kunye ne-Cenozoic sedimentary, ubukhulu becala imvelaphi yaselwandle, eyasekwa kwindawo yaseTethys kumda welizwekazi kumazantsi eIberia, kwaye yafakwa kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni. Bahlala kulwandiso olukhulu lweentaba kwaye bamele ixesha lokuphumla ukusuka I-Triassic 250 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo ukuya eMiocene.

Banikezela ngolwakhiwo olubonakaliswe lijoni ngokubanzi phakathi kwegumbi elingaphantsi (Paleozoic varisco) kunye nelitye elonakeleyo (iifolokhwe, iimpazamo kunye nengubo etyunjiweyo). Igumbi elingaphantsi lePaleozoic aliveli kwaye lihlala kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezi-5-8, ezenziwe ngamatye afana ne-Iberia Massif. Ukusuka kwindawo yoqobo yeyunithi yokwakha ngokutsha, isitya sokuqala kunye ulwandiso olungagungqiyo oluphinda-phindwe kabini kunolu langoku.

Iziphene zeminyaka eyahlukeneyo ziyajongwa. Ngexesha leJurassic, ukungazinzi kolwakhiwo kwenzeka okwakhokelela ekwahlulweni kweTethys Basin kwimimandla yokwahluka kokuziphatha. Ukutyhala kwaqala kwiCretaceous kwaye kwaqhubeka kwiPaleogene. Isigaba sokugqibela nesona siphambili salo deformation senzeka eMiocene, eyakhokelela ekunyukeni ngokubanzi kweentaba.

Indawo yangaphakathi

Ime kumazantsi endlela yeBetica, ukusuka e-Estepona (Malaga) entshona ukuya eKapa iSanta Pola phakathi kweMurcia neAlicante empuma.

Indawo yangaphakathi ye-paleogeographic yangaphakathi yavela empuma kwaye yayiyinxalenye yeAlboran okanye iMesomeded microplate. Ngokuvalwa komlambo wamandulo iTethys, le microplate yokwahlulahlula ukusuka kumntla mpuma Afrika yafudukela ecaleni ngenxa yeentshukumo zenguqu. Amatye ePaleozoic avela kwindawo yangaphakathi yale microplate, eyaqala ukusongwa ngexesha leVarisca orogen, yaza yachithwa yaphinda yavuselelwa ngexesha leAlpine Orogeny.

Phantse akukho matye eMesozoic kwindawo yangaphakathi, ngokubanzi ehambelana neesilingi ezibekwe zijikeleze ii-microplates okanye ngexesha lokufuduka kwabo kunye nenqanaba lokuhlala. I-Triassic yahlukile kuyo yonke inkqubo ye-Betic, kuba isiseko sayo senziwe nge-clastic rock kunye ne-dolomite eseleyo. Amatye e-Jurassic kunye neCretaceous ngamatye e-carbonate. Ngokubanzi, ngaphandle kwamabala athile e-Eocene engahambelaniyo ngengubo, iidali zePaleogene azikho.

Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nenkqubo yeBetic kunye neempawu zayo.