Abanamandla indus umlambo inqumla amazwe amathathu aseAsia xa isiya elwandle. Ibe ngumboneleli wokutya kwimpucuko ezininzi ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngomnye weyona milambo idumileyo nebalulekileyo ehlabathini.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukuze sikuxelele malunga nazo zonke iimpawu, i-tributaries, imvelaphi kunye nomlomo we-Indus River.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Enye yezona mpucuko zindala kwihlabathi, impucuko ye-Indus Valley ifumana ukuchuma kwayo ubukhulu becala kubudlelwane bayo noMlambo i-Indus, owawubonelela ngokutya, isiselo kunye nemijelo yamanzi.
Igama elithi Indo livela kwigama lesiSanskrit elithi "Sindhus", elithetha "amanzi", "umsinga", "ulwandle". UMlambo i-Indus ngowona mlambo mde ePakistan kwaye ungomnye weyona mide kwilizwe laseAsia.
Umlambo uwela amazwe amathathu aseAsia: ETshayina, ePakistan naseIndiya. C.Njengemilambo emininzi kumazantsi elizwekazi, isuka kwiThafa laseQinghai-Tibet kumphakamo ongangeemitha ezingama-5500. Owona mthombo wayo nguMlambo iSangge Zangbo, oqukuqela emantla ntshona usuka ekudibaneni noMlambo iGar de uwele umda wezopolitiko, uqukuqelele kwingingqi yeKashmir iikhilomitha ezininzi, emva koko ungene ePakistan, wenze idelta kwaye ukhuphela ePakistan. Ulwandle lwaseArabia. Uhambo lulonke lumalunga ne-3.180-3.200 km, apho i-2% ivela e-China kunye ne-5% evela e-Indiya.
UMlambo i-Indus ngowona mlambo mde ePakistan kwaye ungomnye weyona mide kwilizwe laseAsia.. Ubude obuchanekileyo bomlambo kubonakala bungacacanga, njengoko eminye imithombo ibonisa ukuba ulinganiswe kwi-2.880 km; nangona kunjalo, kuqikelelwa nje ngaphezulu kwe-3.000 km. Isiseko sayo samanzi sigubungela malunga ne-1.165,00 km2 kwaye sichaphazela amazwe ama-3 akhankanywe ngasentla kunye nenxalenye encinci ye-Afghanistan. Malunga nama-30 ekhulwini esi sitya sibharhileyo, yaye intlambo, equka udongwe ngokuyintloko nezinye izinto eziyinkqantosi, inomgxobhozo. Enyanisweni, isitya somile kune-Ganges basin.
Amanzi kwindawo ephezulu yomlambo ivela ikakhulu kwiimvula zemonsoon kunye ne-meltwater. Isitya esingasentla sinowona mkhenkce omkhulu ongapheliyo ehlabathini. Ezantsi, ukongeza kwimvula kunye nokuhamba kwamanzi, ukuhamba kwamanzi kondliwa yimilambo efana neZanskar, Chenab, Astore, Dras, Gomal kunye neBeas. Ukuqala kumathafa asePunjab, ePakistan, amanzi ayacotha aze aqalise ukuqukuqela kwiintlango nakwintlango.
Imozulu yesi siqithi iqala kwindawo eyinkqantosi ukuya kutsho kwindawo eyinkqantosi kumathafa asePunjab naseSindh, ePakistan, ukuya kutsho kwiintaba ezikufutshane nemithombo.
Indus River Formation
Ngokutsho kwentlenga yamandulo efunyenwe kuLwandle lwaseArabia, i-Indus yayingumlambo wangaphambili owathi waba namanzi acocekileyo. Mhlawumbi kwi-45-50 yezigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, kwakukho amanzi amaninzi aziwa ngokuba yiProto-Indus kwaye ayethululela kuLwandle lwaseArabia kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiKatawaz Basin, kumda wePakistan-Afghanistan. Okubangela umdla kukuba, inokuba yadityaniswa neGanges ngaphezulu kwezigidi ezi-5 zeminyaka eyadlulayo.
Amacandelo amakhulu
Imithombo enegalelo elikhulu lokuqukuqela kwi-Indus ecaleni kwendlela yayo esezantsi zezi:
- I-Zanskar, kwicala lasekhohlo, i-tributary yokuqala enkulu
- Shyok, kwibhanki ekunene
- Shigar, ebhankini lasekunene, eliqukuqela kwisixeko saseSkardu
- IGilgit, ebhankini lasekunene, kunye nemithombo yayo iGhizar kunye neHunza
- I-Kabul, ebhankini lasekunene, kunye ne-tributaries yayo i-Kunar kunye ne-Swat
- USohan okanye uSoan, kwicala lasekhohlo
- Tochi, kwicala lasekhohlo
- I-Gumal, ebhankini lasekunene, kunye ne-tributaries yayo i-Kundar kunye ne-Zhob
- I-Panijnad, kwicala lasekhohlo, umlambo omfutshane weekhilomitha ezingama-71 kuphela, owenziwe kukudityaniswa kwemilambo emibini emide:
- I-Chenab, kunye nezinto eziphantsi kwayo uMlambo iJhelam kunye noMlambo iRavi
- Sutlej, kunye nomlambo iBeas River.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
I-Indus Valley ilikhaya kwiintlobo ezingama-25 zezilwanyana ezihlala emanzini nasemanzini kunye nezinye iintlobo ze-147 zeentlanzi, ezingama-22 kuzo zikho, okuthetha ukuba zihlala apho kuphela.. Phakathi kweentlanzi sinokukhankanya i-Tenuolaaosa ilisha, i-Schizothorax plagiostomus, i-Racoma labiatus, i-Channa marulius, i-Rita rita, i-Barilius modestus, i-Clupisoma naziri, i-Schizopyge eocinus, i-Ptychobarbus conirostris, i-Diptychus maculatus, i-Clupisoma okanye i-cachiuti, i-Clupisoma naziri.
Esinye sezilwanyana ezincancisayo zoMlambo i-Indus yihlengesi lomlambo waseIndiya, iPlatanista gangetica minor. Yenye yeentlobo ezinqabileyo zamahlengesi ehlabathini, kodwa ngelishwa isengozini enkulu yokuphela. Ukongeza kwezi zilwanyana, kukho iiprawn zamanzi acwengileyo zohlobo lweMacrobrachium kwisitya.
I-flora ye-basin iyahluka ukusuka kummandla ukuya kwenye. Kwicandelo lokuqala lomlambo, malunga nomthombo, izityalo ze-alpine ze-genera Salamander kunye ne-Saussurea zihamba phambili, kunye neentlobo ezifana ne-Thylacospermum caespitosum kunye ne-Arenaria bryophylla inokufumaneka. Umzantsi-mpuma we-Indus unengca kunye ne-scrub, kwaye i-delta ityebile kwi-mangrove, ngakumbi kwi-Avicennia marina.
Ukubaluleka kwezoqoqosho kunye nezoyikiso zoMlambo i-Indus
Abantu bakudala be-Indus Valley Civilization babexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo emlanjeni. Amanzi alo ayesetyenziselwa ukusela, ukupheka, ukunkcenkceshela izityalo nokuhlamba, yaye kwakukho iintlanzi zokutyiwa kuwo. Ezinye zezixeko zokuqala zehlabathi zasekwa kwi-Indus Valley. Nanamhlanje, uMlambo i-Indus ubalulekile kubomi obuphakathi kwesi sitya kuba ngaphandle kwawo, inkoliso yezi chibi besiya kungahlali mntu.
I-Indus inkcenkceshela malunga nama-80 ekhulwini ePakistan azizigidi ezingama-21,5 zeehektare zomhlaba, apho kulinywa khona izityalo ezifana nengqolowa, umqhaphu kunye nommoba. Ukongeza, ukwakhiwa kwamanye amadama kuvumele ukuveliswa kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi.
Umgangatho wamanzi we-Indus kunye nemithombo yayo ihle kakhulu, ngokutsho kwe-Aquastat, inkqubo yolwazi lwamanzi yehlabathi yeZizwe eziManyeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, akukho ngozi. ukutsalwa kwamanzi, ungcoliseko oluphuma kwimisebenzi yezolimo nolwakhiwo lwamadama kunye nezinye izakhiwo eziphazamisa ukuhamba kwamanzi zithathwa njengezoyikiso. Nkqu nemilambo yehlile, nto leyo eye yanegalelo ekubhaduleni kwemithi yemithi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokwazi ngakumbi malunga nomlambo we-Indus kunye neempawu zawo.