El Neanderthal yaziwa ngegama lenzululwazi i-homo neanderthalensis Yayiyingqungquthela eyathi yaphuhla ikakhulu eYurophu ukusuka kwiminyaka engama-230.000 eyadlulayo ukuya kwiminyaka engama-28.000 eyadlulayo. Iyaziwa ngegama leNeanderthal kwaye ngokungafaniyo nezinye iintlobo zohlobo lweHomo ikhule ngokukodwa kwaye ihlala kwilizwekazi laseYurophu.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga ne-Neanderthal kunye neempawu zayo.
Imvelaphi yeNeanderthal
Imvelaphi yeyaseYurophu kuphela ubungqina obufunyenwe buchaza ukuba yinzala ye IHomo heidelbergensis, eza eYurophu ivela e-Afrika ngexesha le-Middle Pleistocene. Kukho amashumi aliqela eminyaka ukuba wayenobudlelwane, nangona kungacacanga ncam, kunye Homo sapiens kwimeko yokuvela komntu. Kukho uhlalutyo oluninzi lweedipozithi eziye zafunyanwa kwaye kukho amathandabuzo. Eyona nto iqhelekileyo kukuba zaziziindidi ezimbini ezahlukileyo, nangona zikwihlobo olunye, bezihlala kunye ngexesha elinye.
Kwaye le ntlobo yomntu yayinomahluko ngokwendlela yokwakheka kwe Homo sapiens. Umthamo wengqondo wawumkhulu, ukodlula lowo womntu wanamhlanje. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba kubekho amathandabuzo malunga nonobangela wokuphela kwawo phakathi kweengcali. Eyona ithiyori ibalaseleyo yile ibonisa ukuba boyisiwe linani le- Homo sapiens eyayivela eAfrika. Siyazi ukuba eli zwekazi ngumthombo wobuntu kuba luhlobo lwethu oluvele kweli lizwekazi. Ukusukela ngoko, ookhokho bomntu bandiselwe ukuya kwiplanethi yonke beza kulawula ngokupheleleyo. Babengengabo bodwa kwinkqubo yendaleko.
Ngale ndlela, eYurophu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zabantu abangabodidi olunye ziyavela. I-Neanderthal yayinakho ukubanguye uhlobo ephezulu. Uhlobo oluvela kulo kwafuneka lutshintshe indawo yokuhlala ngexesha lenkqubo yokugcwala. Oku kubenze ukuba bafudukele emazantsi ngenxa yeemo ezibandayo ezingqongileyo ezibandayo. Ukutyhubela iinkulungwane bekukho iimeko ezahlukeneyo zokuzahlula ezibangele ukuba kubekho isidingo sokuziqhelanisa nokuvela kwiihominids.
Emva kokuba ixesha leqhwa liphelile, baqala ukufana ne-Neanderthals. Kulapha apho baya kuhamba ukusuka ekubeni zezinye iintlobo baye kolunye. Wazalwa Homo neanderthalensis.
Ukufunyanwa kwabemi
Nangona yayikho ixesha elide, ayizange ibe nabemi abaninzi. Kuqikelelwa ukuba ngexesha lama-200.000 elalihlala kwiplanethi, alizange lidlule kubantu abangama-7.000. Le ndawo incinci kakhulu, kuba namhlanje nayiphi na idolophu encinci inabemi abaninzi. Umzuzu apho olu hlobo lusokola khona ubuqaqawuli bawo kwenzeka malunga neminyaka eyi-100.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Izixhobo ezifumanekayo zivumela izazinzulu ukuba zingqine ukuba zinamandla okuphucula ingqondo.
Nangona babenabantu abambalwa, iifossil ezazisasazeke kakhulu zifunyenwe, ezibonisa ukuba zisasazeka kwilizwekazi lonke laseYurophu. Ezinye iingcali zicinga ukuba ngeza kufikelela kumbindi weAsia. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweNeanderthal kunye Homo sapiens ngamanye amaxesha iyaphikisana nombono wokuzivelela komgama. Inyaniso yahlukile. Uhlobo lomntu aluzange luphuhle kwaye luvele ngendlela emgceni.
Iindidi ngeendidi zolu didi lweenkcubeko zize kwabelana ngeplanethi kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye ziye zahlala kwezinye iindawo. I-Neanderthal yayihlala eYurophu, amaSapiens aseAfrika kunye nezinye iintlobo ezinje ngeHomo erectus zafikelela eMpuma.
Inkqubo yophando esele isetyenziselwe ukufunda okungakumbi malunga nolu didi incede kakhulu ekucaciseni indlela umntu avele ngayo. Yindlela yohlalutyo lwe-DNA. Kuyaziwa ukuba iSapiens kunye ne-Neanderthals bahlala eYurophu xa uSapiens wayishiya iAfrika. Kodwa kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokuhlala kunye. Siyazi kuphononongo olupapashiweyo malunga ne-Neanderthal genome umntu wangoku usenayo phantse i-3% ye-DNA ene-Neanderthal. Oku kuthetha ukuba bekukho ukudibanisa phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini, nangona kunjalo ngendlela ethile.
Ukuphela kweNeanderthal
Iminqamlezo phakathi kwezi ntlobo zimbini yaqala ixesha elide kunokuba bekucingwa ngaphambili. Abantu beentlobo ezimbini babekhona kwindawo enye malunga neminyaka eyi-100.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Ukupheliswa kweNeanderthal kusaxoxwa zezinye izangqa zesayensi. Kukho iithiyori, kodwa akukho nanye inokumiliselwa njengechanekileyo. Idatha entsha ivele kubonakala ngathi iya ngaphaya komzuzu wokunyamalala koluhlobo.
Kuqikelelwa ukuba baqala ukunyamalala xa iYurophu yaqala ukuphola kakhulu, ibangela ukwehla kwemithombo yendalo. Malunga nesizathu sokunyamalala kwakhe, kukho iingcali ezithile ezichaza ukuba zingalutshintsho lwemozulu esilukhankanyileyo. Kukho ezinye iingcali ezithi isizathu sokuduka kweNeanderthal kunokuba kungenxa yokufika kweHomo sapiens. Le ithiyori ayisekelwanga kakuhle kuba sibonile ukuba bekukho umnqamlezo phakathi kwabo.
Ngesi sizathu, eyona hypothesis yokugqibela isebenzayo yokuzama ukungqinisisa kukuba inani labantu baseSapiens liye laba ngaphezulu kwe-10 ngaphezulu kuneleeNeanderthals. Oku kubangele umlo wezixhobo zendalo kwaye ezinye izifo zichaphazele iNeanderthal hayi iiSapiens. Kule nto sidibanisa ukuwela phakathi kweentlobo zombini ezi zinto zithetha ukunyamalala kwangaphambili.
Eminye iminqweno
Phakathi kweefosili eziye zafunyanwa zeNeanderthal, sifumana ezinye zazo ezibonelela ngolwazi olwaneleyo lokwazi iimpawu zazo zomzimba. Bayiqhelanisa nengqele kuba baya kuphila kwimeko ephawulwe lixesha lokugqibela lomkhenkce. Oku kubangele ukuba bavumelane nemozulu ebanda kakhulu ukuze baphile. Phakathi kolu hlengahlengiso sifumanisa ukuba inde kwaye imfutshane. Impumlo nayo ibanzi ukuze ikwazi ukufaka amavumba kumgama omkhulu.
Khange babonakale ukuphakama kwayo kuba ubunobude obuphakathi kwe-1.65 yeemitha.
Ndiyathemba ukuba olu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-Neanderthal kunye neempawu zayo.