Kuhlala kusithiwa ukuba umgangatho wolwandle uyimfihlakalo ebantwini ngokunikwa ubunzulu obukhulu kunye nobunzima bokuwufunda. Inkqubo ye- imisele yolwandle Banzonzobila elwandle. Ukusekwa kwayo sisiphumo somsebenzi wamacwecwe etektoni athi xa elinye lawo lihlangana lityhalelwe phantsi kwelinye. Ngale ndlela, into eyaziwa ngokuba luxinzelelo olude kwaye lumxinwa u-V luyenziwa ofikelela kubunzulu bolwandle. Eminye yemisele emikhulu yolwandle ifikelela kubunzulu beekhilomitha ezili-10 ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga nemijelo yolwandle kunye neempawu zazo eziphambili.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Umsele onzulu wolwandle yi Umsele kaMariana imi kufutshane neziqithi zeMarine ngobude obungaphezulu kweekhilomitha ezingama-2,542. Uninzi lwala mangcwaba lubekwe kuLwandlekazi lwePasifiki ngokukodwa kwindawo ebizwa ngokuba yiRing of Fire. Kulo mngxuma kukho iNzonzobila enguMngeni enayo ubunzulu beemitha ezili-10.911 kweyona nxalenye inzulu. Kuthathelwa ingqalelo njengobunzulu bobunzulu obufikelela elwandle. Kuthetha ukuba ukuba sithelekisa uMsele waseMariana kunye neNtaba i-Everest, ziimitha ezingama-2.000 XNUMX ubunzulu.
Phakathi kweempawu eziphambili ezinazo zonke imisele yolwandle, sifumana uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokungabikho kwelanga. Phantse kuyo yonke imisele kukho isixa esikhulu soxinzelelo olwenziwa ngamanzi ubunzulu. Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba ukukhanya kwelanga akufiki apha kwaye, ke, amaqondo obushushu nawo ehla kakhulu. Yiyo le mpawu eyenza ukuba amangcwaba abe yenye yeendawo zokuhlala ezizodwa emhlabeni wonke.
Ukusekwa kwemisele yolwandle
Amacwecwe etektoni ngunobangela wokusekwa kwemisele yolwandle. Zenziwe ikakhulu ngokuthimba. Ukuthotyelwa kwenkqubo yenkqubo ye-geophysical apho iipleyiti ezimbini okanye nangaphezulu zeetectonic plate zihlangana kwenye. Ngokwesiqhelo, eyona ipleyiti indala kunye neyona itenson kakhulu yile ityhilizwayo phantsi kwepleyiti ekhanyayo. Le ntshukumo yeplate ibangela ukuba ulwandle lwangaphandle lujikeleze kwithambeka. Ngokwesiqhelo olu xinzelelo lweefom olwenziwe njenge-V. Le yindlela ekwenziwa ngayo imisele yolwandle.
Siza kungena nzulu sazi ukuba yeyiphi imimandla yokuthimba.
Umda wolwahlulo
Xa kusecaleni kweplate ye-tectonic eshinyeneyo kunye nomnye umda ongaphantsi, ipleyiti enobuninzi obuphezulu iyagoba iye ezantsi. Indawo apho ipleyiti eshinyeneyo ethe yathinjwa yinto eyaziwa ngokuba yindawo yokuthimba. Le nkqubo yenza izinto zejoloji kunye nezinto ezinamandla. Uninzi lwale mijelo yolwandle inoxanduva lweenyikima ezininzi elwandle. Kwaye kukuba ekuthatheni enye ipleyiti kwenye ivelisa amandla okomelela okomeleleyo. Zihlala zingumbindi wenyikima enkulu kunye neyona nyikima inzulu irekhodiweyo.
Ezi zinto zinokukwenziwa kunye nommandla othabathayo oquka ukuqhekeka kwelizwekazi kunye nolwandlekazi. Kuyaziwa ukuba i-continental crust isoloko ihamba ngaphezu kwe-oceanic, ngoko ke le yokugqibela iya kuhlala ihamba. Ezona zinto zaziwayo zaselwandle ziziphumo zalo mda phakathi kokujika kwamacwecwe. Lixesha elinqabileyo lokuba umsele wolwandle ubume xa iipleyiti ezimbini zelizwekazi zihlangana.
Ukubaluleka kwemisele yolwandle
Abantu bahlala bexela ukuba imijelo yolwandle ibaluleke kakhulu. Ulwazi malunga nomphakathi walo lilinganiselwe kakhulu kubomi obunzulu. Kwakhona kwindawo ekude yobukho bayo. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ziyayazi indima eziyidlalayo ebomini bethu. Uninzi lwezinto ezenziwayo zomzimba zenzeka kwimimandla yocando. Oku kunokuba nefuthe elibi kwimimandla eselunxwemeni nakuqoqosho lwehlabathi. Kukho okungakumbi ukubona kunenyikima eveliswe kumgangatho wolwandle kwindawo yokuthimba Babenoxanduva lwetsunami eJapan ngo-2011.
Oososayensi bafunda amanqaku kunye nobomi kwimijelo yolwandle ukuze baqonde ngcono iplanethi yethu. Kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi zokuziqhelanisa nezinto eziphilayo ezinzulwini zolwandle. Uninzi lolungelelwaniso lunokukhutshelwa ngaphandle ukuze ufumane inkqubela phambili kwezobuchwephesha nakwizinto eziphilayo ukuze kuphuculwe amayeza. Ngombulelo kwizifundo ezininzi zesayensi, kunokwenzeka ukuba uqonde ngcono ubume bezinto eziphilayo kwaye uziqhelanise nobomi obungqwabalala kwezi ndawo. Ukwazi olu hlobo lokuziqhelanisa kunokunceda ukuqonda ezinye iinkalo zophando ezivela Unyango lweswekile ukuya kuthi ga ekuphuculeni isepha.
Olunye uphando oluye lwenziwa malunga nemisele yolwandle kukufunyanwa kweentsholongwane. Le microbe ihlala kwindawo enamanzi ombane ashushu kulwandle olunzulu. Ngombulelo kubukho bezi ntsholongwane, kufunyenwe ukuba zinokubakho njengeendlela ezintsha zokuthintela amayeza kunye neziyobisi. Zonke ezi zinto zifunyanisiweyo kunye nophando zezona zinto zenza ukuba imijelo yolwandle ibaluleke kakhulu.
Unokusithatha ukuba sazi isitshixo sokuqonda imvelaphi yobomi elwandle. I-genetics yezinto eziphilayo isebenza ukuze ikwazi imbali yokuba ubomi bandise njani ukusuka kwizinto eziphilayo zodwa njengezi zinto ukuya kulwandle. Olunye ufunyaniso lwamva nje lubonisa ukuba isixa esikhulu semicimbi yekhabhoni efunyenweyo siye safunyanwa emingxunyeni. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke le mimandla inokudlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimozulu yoMhlaba.
Iintyatyambo kunye nezilwanyana
Kuba ezi ndawo zezona ndawo zokuhlala zikhohlakeleyo emhlabeni, ubomi bunqabile. Ikho Uxinzelelo oluphindwe kali-1000 kunolomphezulu kunye neqondo lobushushu elingaphezulu kancinci kwengqele. Ilanga alingeni kwimisele yamanzi olwandle, nto leyo eyenza ifotosinthesisi ingabi nakwenzeka. Izinto eziphilayo apha zikwazile ukuvela ngolungelelwaniso olukhethekileyo ukuze zikwazi ukuhlala kwezi canyons zibandayo nezimnyama.
Ngaphandle kwefotosinthesisi, lonke olu luntu lunekhephu lolwandle njengokutya kwabo okuphambili. Kukuwa kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela kwiindawo eziphakamileyo kwikholamu yamanzi. Ngokuyintloko inenkunkuma efana nelindle kunye nentsalela yezinto ezifileyo ezinje ngeentlanzi kunye nengca yolwandle. Omnye umthombo wezondlo awuveli ifotosinthesisi kodwa ichemosynthesis. Yinkqubo apho izinto ezifana neebhaktiriya ziguqula iikhompawundi zemichiza zibe zizakhamzimba.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi ngemisele yolwandle kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.