Kwintsimi ye-physics, kukho isebe elijongene nokufunda ngenguqu eveliswa bubushushu kunye nomsebenzi kwinkqubo. Imalunga ne-thermodynamics. Lisebe le-physics elinoxanduva lokufunda ngalo lonke utshintsho, olusisiphumo senkqubo ebandakanya utshintsho kumanqanaba obushushu kunye namandla kwinqanaba le-macro. Zininzi imigaqo ye-thermodynamics ezisisiseko kwimimandla emininzi ye-physics.
Ke ngoko, siza kukuxelela kweli nqaku ukuba yeyiphi imigaqo ye-thermodynamics kwaye ibaluleke ngantoni.
Iimpawu ze-thermodynamics
Ukuba sihlalutya i-classical thermodynamics, siya kufumanisa ukuba isekwe kwingcinga yeenkqubo ze-macroscopic. Le nkqubo iyinxalenye yomgangatho ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwengqiqo wokwahlulwa kubume bangaphandle. Ukufunda ngcono inkqubo ye-thermodynamic, kuhlala kucingelwa ukuba bubunzima bomzimba obunjalo ayiphazanyiswa kukutshintshiselana kwamandla kunye ne-ecosystem yangaphandle.
Imeko yenkqubo ye-macroscopic kwi-equilibrium icacisiwe ngamanani abizwa ngokuba zii-thermodynamic variables. Siyazazi zonke ezi zinto zixabisekileyo: ubushushu, uxinzelelo, umthamo kunye nokwenziwa kweekhemikhali. Zonke ezi zinto zixabisekileyo zichaza inkqubo kunye nokulingana kwayo. Enkosi kumanyano lwamazwe aphesheya kwezicelo, iisimboli eziphambili zeekhemikhali zethemodynamics sele zimiselwe. Sebenzisa ezi yunithi kunokusebenza ngcono kwaye uchaze imigaqo ye-thermodynamics.
Nangona kunjalo, kukho isebe le-thermodynamics elingafundi ulingano, Endaweni yoko, banoxanduva lokuhlalutya iinkqubo ze-thermodynamic ezijongwa ikakhulu kukungabinakho ukufezekisa iimeko zokulingana ngendlela ezinzileyo.
Imigaqo ye-thermodynamics
Kukho imigaqo ye-4 ye-thermodynamics, edweliswe ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kumanqaku amathathu, le mithetho inceda ukuqonda yonke imithetho ye-physics kwindalo iphela kwaye akunakwenzeka ukubona izinto ezithile emhlabeni wethu. Ziyaziwa ngegama lemithetho ye-thermodynamics. Le mithetho inemvelaphi eyahlukileyo. Ezinye zenziwe kwiifomula zangaphambili. Umthetho wokugqibela owaziwa ngokuba yi-thermodynamics ngumthetho ongunothi. Le mithetho isigxina kulo lonke uphando kunye nophando olwenziwa elebhu. Zibalulekile ekuqondeni indlela indalo yethu esebenza ngayo. Siza kuchaza imigaqo-nkqubo ye-thermodynamics nganye nganye.
Umgaqo wokuqala
Lo mthetho uthi amandla akanakwenziwa okanye atshatyalaliswe, anokuguqulwa kuphela. Oku kwaziwa ngokuba ngumthetho wolondolozo lwamandla. Ngokwenyani, Oku kuthetha ukuba kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo ebonakalayo evela kwindalo esingqongileyo, onke amandla ayo aya kuhlala efanayo. Nangona amandla anokuguqulwa abe lolunye uhlobo lwamandla ngendlela enye okanye enye, isiphumo sawo onke la mandla sihlala sinye.
Siza kwenza umzekelo ukuze siyiqonde ngcono. Ukulandela lo mthetho-siseko, ukuba sinikela ngesixa esithile samandla kwinkqubo yomzimba ngohlobo lobushushu, sinokuwabala amandla ewonke ngokufumana umahluko phakathi kokunyuka kwamandla angaphakathi kunye nomsebenzi owenziwe yile nkqubo nakwimimandla eyingqongileyo. Oko kukuthi, umahluko phakathi kwamandla anale nkqubo ngalo mzuzu kunye nomsebenzi owenzileyo iya kuba ngamandla ashushu akhutshiweyo.
Umgaqo wesibini
Ukuba kukho ixesha elaneleyo, zonke iinkqubo ziya kuthi ekugqibeleni ziphulukane nokulingana. Lo mgaqo ukwabizwa ngokuba ngumthetho we-entropy. Ingashwankathelwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Inani le-entropy kwindalo iphela liya kwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha. Inkqubo ye-entropy sisalathiso sokulinganisa inqanaba lokuphazamiseka. Ngamanye amazwi, Umgaqo wesibini we-thermodynamics usixelela ukuba nje ukuba inkqubo ifikelele kwinqanaba lokulingana, iyakwandisa inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kwinkqubo. Oku kunokuthetha ukuba ukuba sinika inkqubo ixesha elaneleyo, iya kuthi ekugqibeleni ingalingani.
Lo ngumthetho onoxanduva lokuchaza ukungaguquguquki kwezinye iziganeko zomzimba. Umzekelo, iyasinceda ukuba sichaze ukuba kutheni iphepha iphepha litshisiwe alinakubuyela kwimeko yalo yokuqala. Kule nkqubo yaziwa njengephepha kunye nomlilo, ukuphazamiseka kuye kwanda kangangokuba akunakwenzeka ukuba ubuyele kwimvelaphi yayo. Lo mthetho wazisa umsebenzi we-entropy state, othi kwimeko yeenkqubo zomzimba uxanduva lokumela inqanaba lokuphazamiseka kunye nelahleko yokuphepheka kwamandla.
Ukuqonda umgaqo wesibini we-thermodynamics siza kunika umzekelo. Ukuba sitshisa inani elithile lezinto kwaye sibeka ibhola kunye nothuthu olukhokelela, sinokubona ukuba akukho nto ingaphantsi kunakwimeko yokuqala. Kungenxa yokuba umba ujike waba ziigesi Azinakufunyanwa kwaye kufuneka zichithakale kwaye zixukuxeke. Le yindlela esibona ngayo ukuba kwimeko enye ubuncinci be-entropy kunakwimeko yesibini.
Umgaqo wesithathu
Xa kufikelelwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-zero, inkqubo yomzimba iyayeka. I-zero engagungqiyo bubushushu obusezantsi esinokufikelela kubo. Kule meko, silinganisela ubushushu kwiidigri uKelvin. Ngale ndlela, kunokuthiwa iqondo lobushushu kunye nokupholisa kubangela ukuba i-entropy yenkqubo ingabikho. Kule meko, kufana nokufana rhoqo. Xa ifikelela kwi-zero ngokupheleleyo, inkqubo yenkqubo yomzimba iyayeka. Ke ngoko, ukungena ngaphakathi kuya kuba nexabiso elincinci kodwa elihlala lihleli.
Ukufikelela ngokupheleleyo kwi-zero okanye hayi ngumsebenzi olula. Ixabiso elipheleleyo le-zero le-Kelvin degree li-zero, kodwa ukuba siyisebenzisa kwi Imilinganiselo yesilinganiselo sobushushu beCelsius, yi -273,15 degrees.
Umthetho weZero
Lo mthetho eyokugqibela icinge kwaye ithi ukuba A = C kunye B = C, ke A = B. Oku kuseka imigaqo esisiseko kunye esisiseko yeminye imithetho emithathu ye-thermodynamics. Ligama elithatha umthetho wolingano lwe-thermal. Ngamanye amagama, ukuba inkqubo kunye nezinye iinkqubo zikwi-thermal equilibrium ngokuzimeleyo, kufuneka zikwi-thermal equilibrium. Lo mthetho uvumela ukusekwa kwemigaqo yeqondo lobushushu. Lo mgaqo usetyenziselwa ukuthelekisa amandla ashushu ezinto ezimbini ezahlukeneyo kwimeko yokulingana kwe-thermal. Ukuba ezi zinto zimbini zikulungelelwaniso lwe-thermal, aziyi kubakho kubushushu obufanayo. Kwelinye icala, ukuba bobabini bayatshintsha ibhalansi ye-thermal yenkqubo yesithathu, baya kuchaphazela nabanye.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemigaqo ye-thermodynamics yeempawu zayo.