Idatha enkulu kunye nekamva kuqikelelo lwemozulu

Idatha enkulu likhonkco lokugqibela lokuqikelela iimeko zemozulu. Ehlabathini lonke, amawaka eenkampani, amaziko enzululwazi, amaziko, njl.njl, basebenzisa iDatha eNkulu ukufumana iipateni naphi na apho bakhoyo, idatha enkulu. KwiMeteorology, isayensi ikwanedatha enkulu kwaye inkulu kakhulu, idatha enkulu inezicelo zayo eziluncedo. Oku Isixhobo sanamhlanje nesinamandla, sinokusetyenziswa ngeendlela ezininzi. Ngaphandle kokuchazwa njengeyona nto inye, inokufezekisa uqikelelo olwahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwinto oyifunayo. Ewe kunjalo, kuye kwafika nakwiMeteorology, kwaye apha siza kukuxelela into eyenzayo kunye nendlela.

Okokuqala, masikukhumbule oko ukulindela ixesha bekusoloko kuyeyona mfuno iphambili yabantu. Kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, uqikelelo lwemozulu lwalubaluleke kakhulu, nangaphezulu kunamhlanje, ukuze usinde. Uphuhliso lwezobuchwephesha belungekho emacaleni, nakuphi na ukungazinzi kunokuba neziphumo ezibi. Nangona bekusoloko kunesidingo sokuthintela imozulu, bekungekho ukufika kuka-Aristotle kuphela apho sinokuthi siqokelele igama elithi meteorology. Wayibiza ngokuba yi "meteorological", igama alinike incwadi yakhe, malunga ne-340 BC.

Idatha enkulu kuqikelelo

Ingqiqo yokuziphatha kwimozulu ayikayeki ukukhula ukusukela ngoko. Lonke ixesha ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhamba nge-thermometer eyenziwe nguGalileo ngo-1607, ukuya kwimidlalo yecompyuter evela kwidatha eqokelelwe ziisathelayithi. Okwangoku, sijamelene neDatha eNkulu, abaninzi bayavuma ukuba sesona sixhobo siguqukayo kuba i-intanethi ikhona kwaye ayisiyonto incinci. Njengokuba yayiyikamva lesayensi, namhlanje sinokuthi liyinyani.

Njengoko siphawulile, Idatha eNkulu iqala ukuthatha uxanduva namhlanje, ngokunika enye indawo yokujonga kwizazi zemozulu. Apho babengenakuya khona, okanye bakholelwe ukuba babenyanisile ngaphandle kokubakho, Idatha enkulu ikubonisa into efihliweyo okanye engaziwayo, ikwinqanaba lokuchaneka elingazange lafikelelwa. Kukho iinkampani esele zibonelela ngezi nkonzo namhlanje. Amaziko, oorhulumente kunye neenkampani ezisebenzisa idatha enkulu ukuqikelela imozulu. Injani yonke le nkqubo? Kwenziwa njani? Singenelwa njani thina? Okulandelayo siza kubona kwaye siqonde ukuba yonke le nkqubo yobugcisa inokwenzeka njani.

Isebenza njani idatha enkulu?

Ngokuqinisekileyo, Idatha enkulu ilahla ujonge isibhakabhaka ukugxila kwidatha, Kwaye zilungiswa ngokuchanekileyo. Ukuze uqonde ngakumbi kubukhulu bayo intsingiselo yemeteorology, okokuqala kufuneka uchaze ukuba isebenza njani.

Idatha enkulu inesiseko sokusebenza kwinto ebizwa ngokuba zii-4 V's.

Umthamo

Oku kuthetha inani ledatha. Lonke eli nani ledatha eliqokelelweyo yinto eyaziwa njengevolumu. Inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwinto esetyenzisiweyo, ngamanye amaxesha sinedatha eninzi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha "angaphantsi". Oko kukuthi, sinokuhamba ukusuka kwi-1.000 yezigidi zeedatha siye kwiitriliyoni ezininzi, kuxhomekeke ekuhlalutyweni.

Isantya

Ndiyathetha izinga apho idatha iveliswa khona. Zivela kwimfuno yokubamba, ukugcina kunye nokuzilungisa. Okukhona kunokubakho idatha ebanjiweyo, ngokukhawuleza zigcinwa, kokukhona kukho ukuhlalutya. Isantya sibaluleke ngokuphindwe kabini kuqikelelo lwemozulu, kuba iziganeko zenzeka ngexesha lokwenyani, kwaye kufuneka zenziwe ngokukhawuleza.

Okuninzi

Ngamanye amaxesha kukho ifomathi yendlela eza ngayo idatha, ngamanye amaxesha ezinye. Uhlobo ngalunye lwedatha lunezigaba zalo. Ngamanye amaxesha amanye alahlekile (kukho iindlela zokulungisa oku, okanye iimpazamo ziya kuba zinkulu) kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ziye zifike kwiifom zevidiyo. Kukho idatha eyahlukileyo eyahlukileyo, ekwiDatha eNkulu ephetheyo yokubeka iodolo, ilogic eza kuhlaziywa kakuhle. Umzekelo, imilinganiselo yeqondo lobushushu esuka kwithemometha "ayinakubekwa" kwiphakheji efanayo nemilinganiselo yesatellite evela ngaphambili.

Ukunyaniseka

Inxulumene nobuzali benqaku elidlulileyo. Kuthetha ukuba idatha ekugqibeleni icocekile, ngaphandle kwezinto "ezothusayo". Amaqela amakhulu olawulo lweDatha kufuneka abeneqela elingakhethi cala eliqeqeshwe ukugcina ulwakhiwo olulungileyo. Iziphumo zokunyaniseka okungalunganga kwedatha zineziphumo ezibi kakhulu. Ukufumana umbono, ingathi iqela lobuchwephesha bagqibile ukulungisa imoto, kwaye balibale ukujija amavili amabini.

Umzekelo ngokunyaniseka kwedatha

Sineerekhodi ezininzi ezivela kwiindawo ezininzi. Masicinge ukuba sinamaqondo obushushu, amanqanaba okufuma, umoya, njl. Kodwa, sisilele, kwaye siphoswa ziirekhodi zobushushu bendawo ethile, nangasiphi na isizathu, kwaye asinakho ukufikelela kukwazi ukuba bubuphi ubushushu oburekhodiweyo. Sinedatha engama-30, kwaye ezimbini zazo, ngaphandle kobushushu ekugqibeleni.

Yintoni enokwenziwa, umzekelo, ukubala iqondo lobushushu eliphakathi lale mimandla ukumisela ngokuchanekileyo ubushushu obunokubalwa kwirekhodi elahlekileyo, kodwa nangomda omncinci kakhulu wempazamo. Amaxabiso ngamacandelo, kwaye ke ukubala kunokwenziwa. Ukuba le datha ibilahlekile, iikhompyuter ngekhe ziyazi, ukwenza umngxunya omnyama kwidatha, kunye noqikelelo olungelulo kwaphela.

Uyifumana njani?

Kwimeteorology, njengakuyo nayiphi na intsimi, idatha iza ngohlobo lwezinto eziguquguqukayo. Oko kukuthi, nganye nganye iqhutywa ngendlela eyiyo. Kwaye nangona ibonakala ididekile kwaye inzima, umsebenzi uba "lula" kubahlalutyi beDatha eNkulu. Izinto ezinokurekhodwa kwimeteorology, nangona isedatha, banokuba ngabakwiintsapho ezahlukeneyo. Oko kukuthi, umahluko yiyo nayiphi na idatha enokuhlelwa, kodwa ayisoloko ifana.

Umfanekiso ongentla, obonelelwe yi-NASA, ubonakalisa umzekelo wamaza ajikeleze umhlaba. Kwimeko ye-NASA, banenani elikhulu leesathelayithi ezibavumela ukuba baqwalasele kwaye balinganise izinto ezenzeka kwihlabathi liphela ngexesha lokwenyani.

Idatha enkulu inokufunda wonke umkhondo oshiyekileyo ngento ethile, kwaye inokuthathwa njengedatha. Uninzi xa ucinga ngeDatha eNkulu, baya kukhawuleza bacinge malunga xa sisebenzisa iifowuni eziphathwayo, sifika kwi-intanethi, sicofa iphepha, sithenga into kwi-intanethi, okanye "siyithanda" kuFacebook. Leyo yinxalenye "encinci" kodwa eshinyeneyo, ewe, inokuthenjwa kwaye ikhowudi ebhalwe kakuhle. Kodwa emva koko, sishiya umzila womzimba / obonakalayo, njengendawo yeGPS apho sikhona, enkosi ngeefowuni eziphathwayo. Apha sele siqala ukudibanisa ilizwe elibonakalayo kunye nenyama. Kwaye, ukuhamba komzimba, ukuthengwa komzimba, ngokweminyaka, oko sikukhethayo, konke oku kuhlala kugciniwe, kwaye ke, inokuguqula idatha ngakumbi nangakumbi.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zinokuhlelwa ngokwamacandelo

Izinto eziguquguqukayo ngokwamacandelo zezo zimele amaxabiso asikelwe umda okanye izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingathethi ubungakanani obuthile. Bamele umgangatho wento abayichazayo. Ngokusisiseko ubungqangi babo ngumda wento abamele. Banokuhlelwa ngokwamacandelo amabini.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo ngokwamacandelo

Zizo ezo umele izinto kwicandelo elinye ngaphandle konxibelelwano olusengqiqweni nganye. Umzekelo: Igama leengingqi ezibonisa ukuba zivela phi iirekhodi, ezifana nesixeko, uluntu oluzimeleyo, ikhowudi yeposi, njl.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zodidi oluqhelekileyo

Zizo ezo ingabonisa ubukhulu bento, ezinje ngezinga likaDouglas kwinqanaba lokutshangatshangisa, inqanaba lesikali ezinokubakho kuzo iinkanyamba ngokobungakanani bazo, njl.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zinokuba ngamanani

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zamanani zezo zimele amaxabiso okanye izinto eziguquguqukayo kubukhulu kwaye zinokulinganiswa. Bamele amaxabiso amaninzi. Ukuqwalaselwa kwabo kukuba banokumela uluhlu olukhulu kakhulu lwemilinganiselo kwimozulu yemozulu. Bahlelwa ngeendlela ezimbini

Izinto eziqhubekayo ngokwamanani eziqhubekayo

Izinto eziqhubekayo eziqhubekayo zezi banoxanduva lokulinganisa into esekwe. Imizekelo yazo iya kuba sisalathiso sokufuma, ubushushu, isantya somoya, ubungakanani bemvula, njl.

Izinto eziguquguqukayo zamanani

Aba ngabo bagcina into emiselweyo. Oko kukuthi, inani lamaxesha emvula ngonyaka kwindawo ethile, inani lamaxesha ekhephu, njl.

Zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zenziwa

Nje ukuba zonke izinto eziguquguqukayo zihlelwe, ziqhubekeka zibulela kwiikhompyuter, soloko ijongiwe ngabahlalutyi yeDatha eNkulu. Kude kube yiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, inani ledatha ebelifumaneka, ngaphandle kokuba linani elikhulu kakhulu, bekungekho ngxaki ukuba zihlolwe ngabahlalutyi beenkcukacha. Uhlalutyo lweDatha enkulu, nangona kunjalo, inoxanduva lokuhlalutya le datha inkulu, apho iinkqubo zohlalutyo ebeziqhelekile ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, zingathatha ixesha elide (sithetha nangeentsuku) ukunika impendulo. Ayisiyiyo loo nto kuphela, Idatha enkulu isebenza kakuhle kwaye ichanekile, ngokuthi "kudlalwe" ngokuguquguqukayo phakathi kwabo.

Konke oku kuvela into ebesikhe sayiphawula ngaphambili kwii-4 V's zeDatha eNkulu, ukufikelela kwisantya, ukuthembeka kunye Iimodeli zemozulu ezinikezela uqikelelo oluchanekileyo ngokumangalisayo ngexesha elifutshane kakhulu.

Idatha enkulu njengoqeqesho olusebenzayo

Umzekelo olungileyo ungathetha malunga nenkampani i-ACCIONA, ene- IZiko loLawulo lwaMandla eliVuselelekayo (UMQEQESHI). Liziko elikhulu ehlabathini apho injongo ikukubonelela ngezisombululo ngexesha lokwenyani, kwizigidi zedatha eqokelelwa kumaziko ayo, zombini i-biomass, umoya kunye namandla elanga. Ivelisa malunga neeshedyuli ezingama-3000 zonyaka ezithatha yonke le datha ukuze zihlengahlengiswe kwimfuno efunekayo. Olunye uncedo lwe-CECOER kukwamkela izehlo abanazo ezivela kumaziko abo, yiyo loo nto i-50% yazo isonjululwe ukude. Ama-50% aseleyo alungiswe ngokwasemzimbeni ngabaqhubi. Ngele ndlela, I-Acciona ifumana amandla ahlaziyekayo, ngaphezulu kokuba yenye indlela yamandla, ube sisisombululo namhlanje.

Enye into ebalulekileyo malunga neDatha eNkulu namhlanje kukunqongophala kweenzululwazi zedatha. Yintsimi encinci, kwaye oko kuye kwafikelela kwimigangatho ethile esele ikho. Ngaba i-Big Data inganceda kakhulu ekuveleni kwengqikelelo, ukuxela izibonelelo kwiinkampani, ukubanakho ukulindela izinto ezininzi kangaka kunye nokuthethelela iindleko zokuhlalutya idatha enkulu? Ewe kodwa yinto ebonwe kancinci kancinci. Imfuno ekhulayo yedatha yesayensi ifanisile iziphumo nangokuqonda imfuneko yazo kuzo zonke iindawo. Kuyinyani ukuba sele kukho amaqela amaninzi e-Big Data asebenzayo, kunye neziphumo ezintle, kodwa ngoku ngoku apho sifumanisa ukuba kukho imfuno enkulu. Abahlalutyi beDatha eNkulu bafuna kakhulu.

Ngokuhambelana Siphila inguquko abayibonisa kuphuhliso, kodwa kwasekuqaleni. Njengalo naliphi na ishishini, ngoku singqina amandla alo, kodwa khange aphuhliswe ngokupheleleyo, le yinto ixesha eligcinelwe thina. Inye into esele ibonakele, amandla ayo okwangoku, enye, ukuba kude kangakanani. Iziphumo zakho aziyi kusishiya singakhathali.

Inkampani ye-IBM yemozulu yinkampani yabucala ethi unikezela ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-26 uqikelelo lwemihla ngemihla malunga nemozulu. I-IBM kwasekuqaleni ime ngaphandle, kunye noGoogle, ukuba yenye yezona nkampani ziphayona kakhulu ebaleni. Inkampani yeMozulu izimisele kakhulu ukunceda abantu benze izigqibo benolwazi malunga nemozulu. Yeyona nethiwekhi inkulu ehlabathini kwizikhululo zemozulu zobuqu. Olona hlobo lukhulu emhlabeni kwezokuhamba ngenqwelomoya, amandla, i-inshurensi, imithombo yeendaba kunye noorhulumente baxhomekeke kwiNkampani yeMozulu yedatha, amaqonga etekhnoloji kunye neenkonzo.

Idatha enkulu ngokuchasene notshintsho lwemozulu

Umanyano lweHlabathi lweZizwe eziManyeneyo, inyathelo ledatha enkulu ye IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye neNtshona Koloni, batyikitye umfelandawonye wokulwa kunye nokutshintsha kwemozulu. Le projekthi ikhokelwa yi-UN kunye ne-Western Digital Corp, dibanisa izazinzulu ezintsha zedijithali ezivela kwihlabathi liphela Ukuhlasela ingxaki ngendlela efanelekileyo. Phakathi kwabo, sifumana abahlanganyeli abavela kumacandelo ahluke kakhulu phakathi kwabo. I-BBVA, i-Orenji, iPlanethi, iiLebhu zeLume, i-Nielsen, iSchneider Electric, i-Waze ... ngabanye babo bathatha inxaxheba kule projekthi.

Sikwafumana ifayile ye IZiko eliPhezulu leBarcelona (BSC), Yimodeli ye-4 kuthotho lweMareNostrum. Ikhompyuter ephezulu yohlalutyo lweDatha enkulu isitshixo kwiinkalo ezininzi, phakathi kwazo kukwaliwa noTshintsho lweMozulu. Yaqala ukusebenza ekupheleni kukaJuni walo 2017. Yikhompyuter yesithathu ekhawulezayo eYurophu, Utyalo-mali lwenziwe kuyo ukufakelwa kwayo i-34 yezigidi zeerandi nguMphathiswa Wezomnotho, Ushishino kunye noKhuphiswano lweSpain. Inesikhundla se-14 Petabytes, oko kukuthi, i-14 yezigidi zeGigabytes. Ifikelela kwi-11,1 Petaflops, Oko kukuthi, ubungqongqo bokusebenza kwe-11.100 yezigidigidi ngomzuzwana.

Idatha enkulu kwikamva lemeteorology nakubomi bethu

Kwilizwe eliguqukayo, apho iinguqu zikhula ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zisothusa ngakumbi, kunzima ukuqikelela ikamva lento. Into esiyaziyo ngokuqinisekileyo yile Idatha enkulu ihleli, kunye noqikelelo olwenziwe zimozulu nakwezinye iindawo lusishiya sixakekile. Abanye baya kuhlala bethandabuza, abanye baya kuyikhanyela, abanye baya kuyibona njengeyona nto ikude. Kodwa inyani kukuba, sele siphila nayo.

Namhlanje siyazi ukuba iDatha eNkulu ilindele iimvula ezininzi, amaxesha enkanyamba, nangokuchanekileyo inani leembasa elinokuphumelela ilizwe kwiMidlalo yeOlimpiki. Ikwalindele ukuba ngubani, phi kwaye nini ulwaphulo-mthetho oluza kwenziwa (ukuba kukho nabani na okhe wabona i-movie "yeNgxelo eNcinci", le nto iwele iingqondo, akunjalo?). Idatha enkulu ihamba ngokukhawuleza ilindele ikamva leendawo ezininzi, Kwaye iAmazon iyaqala ukuyilindela, kwaye kutsha nje sele iqalile ukuhambisa izinto nangaphambi kokuba abathengi bathenge. Ixesha elizayo lalide kube namhlanje, kuhlala kungaqinisekanga. Kodwa iyatshintsha ikamva liqikelekile.

Siyazi ukuba amandla ayo aya kukhula. Ngubani owaziyo, kunokuba kukungxama ukuqikelela ukuba ngubani olindele (idatha enkulu) into. Kodwa ngedatha eyaneleyo, Ngaba i-Big Data iya kuba nakho ukuqikelela imeko-bume yehlabathi ngolangazelelo olukhulu? Ewe, njengoko unokulindela ukuba isenzo sethu siza kunika iimeko ezahlukeneyo kwabo babekhe banikwa ngaphambili, kuba naliphi na inyathelo linokubakho kwixesha elizayo, kwaye Idatha eNkulu iyayazi kwaye iyayivavanya kwakhona, inika enye imeko entsha.

Yonke into inokulindelwa. Ngaba siya kuba nakho ukwazi ukuba kuya kwenzeka ntoni kuthi kungekudala? Zeziphi iingxaki esiza kujongana nazo? Siza kubetha nini kwaye phi isaqhwithi? Yintoni ekufuneka siyenzile ukuyisombulula? Njengoko ubuchwephesha buphucula, iikhompyuter ziphucula ukusebenza kunye nesantya, eli candelo liyaqhubeka nokukhula ... Eyona nto inokwenzeka kukuba endaweni yokuphendula "ngubani owaziyo", mhlawumbi eyona nto ifanelekileyo iya kuba kukuthi "masibuze iData eNkulu".

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