Ikhephu yinto ebizwa ngokuba ngumkhenkce wamanzi oye wenyuka. Ayisiyo nto ngaphandle kwamanzi kwindawo eqinileyo ewa ngqo emafini. Amahlwantsi ekhephu enziwe ngamakristali omkhenkce athi, njengokuba esihla emhlabeni, agubungele yonke into ngengubo entle emhlophe.
Ukuba ufuna ukwazi ukuba lwenziwa njani ikhephu, kutheni likhithika, iintlobo zekhephu ezikhoyo kunye nomjikelo wazo, qhubeka ufunda 🙂
Izinto ngokubanzi
Njengoko iqabaka lawa umazi njenge-nevada. Le nto iqhele ukwenzeka kwimimandla emininzi, ezona mpawu ziphambili zilele kubushushu obuphantsi (ngesiqhelo ngexesha lasebusika). Xa ukuwa kwekhephu kuninzi, bahlala bonakalisa ulwakhiwo lwezixeko kwaye baphazamisa imisebenzi yemihla ngemihla kunye neyamashishini amaxesha amaninzi.
Ubume beeflakes yaphuka. Iifractals ziimilo zejiyometri eziphindaphindwayo kwizikali ezahlukileyo, ezivelisa ukubonwa okubonakalayo.
Iidolophu ezininzi zinekhephu njengeyona nto iphambili kubakhenkethi (umzekelo, iSierra Nevada). Enkosi ngeqhwa elinzima kwezi ndawo, unokuziqhelanisa nemidlalo eyahlukeneyo enjengokuskiya okanye ukukhwela ikhephu. Ukongeza, ikhephu libonisa imihlaba efana nephupha, ekwaziyo ukutsala abakhenkethi abaninzi kunye nokufumana inzuzo enkulu.
Yenziwa njani?
Sithethile malunga nokuba ikhephu ngumtsalane wabakhenkethi onamandla kwaye lishiya ubuhle bembonakalo yelizwe. Kodwa ezi fomu zenza njani?
Ikhephu kunjalo ziikristale ezincinci zamanzi afriziwe Ezi zenziwe kwinxalenye ephezulu yetroposphere ngokufunxwa kwamathontsi amanzi. Xa la mathontsi amanzi engqubana, ayadibana enze amakhekhe ekhephu. Xa i-flake inobunzima obukhulu kunokumelana nomoya, iyawa.
Ukuze oku kwenzeke, amaqondo obushushu ekwakhekeni kwekhephu kufuneka angaphantsi ko-zero. Inkqubo yokwenziwa iyafana nekhephu okanye isichotho. Umahluko phakathi kwabo kuphela bubushushu bokwakheka.
Xa ikhephu liwela emhlabeni, liyakha kwaye liyakha. Ngethuba nje iqondo lokushisa elihlala lihlala ngaphantsi kwe-zero degrees, liya kuqhubeka kwaye liqhubeke nokugcinwa. Ukuba amaqondo obushushu enyuka, amaqebengwana aya kuqala ukunyibilika. Iqondo lobushushu apho amaqhekeza ekhephu ahlala khona -5 ° C. Inokwenziwa ngobushushu obuphezulu obuncinci, kodwa iphindaphindwa ukusuka -5 ° C.
Ngokubanzi, abantu badibanisa ikhephu kunye nengqele egqithileyo, xa inyani kukuba ikhephu elininzi livela xa umhlaba unobushushu obungu-9 ° C okanye nangaphezulu. Kungenxa yokuba into ebaluleke kakhulu ayithathelwa ngqalelo: ukufuma okuphakathi. Ukufuma yindawo yokubekisa ubukho bekhephu kwindawo. Ukuba imozulu yomile kakhulu, akusayi kubakho khephu nokuba amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kakhulu. Umzekelo woku ziiNtili ezomileyo zeAntarctica, apho kukho umkhenkce, kodwa ungaze ube nekhephu.
Kukho amaxesha apho ikhephu loma. Imalunga nalawo mathuba apho amaqebengwana, akhiwa ngobumanzi bokusingqongileyo, edlula kubuninzi bomoya owomileyo oziguqula zibe luhlobo lomgubo ongancamatheliyo naphi na kwaye ilungele loo midlalo yekhephu.
Ikhephu eliqokelelweyo emva kokuwa kwekhephu linemiba eyahlukeneyo ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela ezenzeka ngayo izinto zemozulu. Ukuba kukho imimoya enamandla, ukunyibilika kwekhephu, njl.
Imilo yekhephu
Amagqabi ahlala elinganisa ngaphezulu kweesentimitha enye, nangona ubukhulu kunye nokwenziwa kwawo kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwekhephu kunye nobushushu bomoya.
Amakristali e-Ice eza ngeendlela ezininzi: Iiprismis, iipleyiti ezinamacala amathandathu okanye iinkwenkwezi eziqhelekileyo. Oku kwenza ikhephu ngalinye likhetheke, nangona onke enamacala amathandathu. Amaqondo obushushu asezantsi, kulula ukuba iqhwa likhephu kunye nobukhulu obuncinci.
Iindidi zekhephu
Kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo zekhephu ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela eliwela ngayo okanye elenziwa ngayo kunye nendlela eligcinwa ngayo.
Iqabaka
Luhlobo lwekhephu Iifom ngqo emhlabeni. Xa amaqondo obushushu engaphantsi kweqanda kwaye kukho ukufuma okuphezulu, amanzi omhlaba abanda abe ngumkhenkce kwaye abangele iqabaka. La manzi aqokelelana ikakhulu ebusweni apho kuvuthuza umoya kwaye anakho ukuhambisa amanzi kwizityalo nakumatye asemhlabeni.
Ezinkulu, iintsiba ezinoboya okanye ukubhalwa okuqinileyo kunokwenza.
Icy iqabaka
Umahluko phakathi kweli qabaka kunye nelangaphambili lelikhephu ivelisa iimilo zekristall ezicacileyo ezinje ngamakrele, imisongo kunye neetekisi. Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwayo yahlukile kwiqabaka eqhelekileyo. Oku kwakhiwa ngenkqubo sublimation.
Ikhephu lomgubo
Olu hlobo lwekhephu lolona luqhelekileyo Fluffy kwaye ukukhanya. Yeyona ilahlekileyo ukumanyana ngenxa yomahluko kubushushu phakathi kweziphelo kunye namaziko yikristale. Eli khephu livumela ukutyibilika kwiskiya.
Ikhephu elimnyama
Eli khephu lenziwa ngumjikelo oqhubekayo wokunyibilika kunye nokubanda kwakhona okuchaphazeleka kwiindawo apho ubushushu buphantsi kodwa kukho ilanga. Ikhephu linee-crystals ezityebileyo nezirhangqiweyo.
Kulahleke ikhephu
Eli khephu li ixhaphake kakhulu entwasahlobo. Inamaleko athambileyo kwaye afumileyo angenakuxhathisa kakhulu. Ingabangela imvula yekhephu emanzi okanye iipleyiti zekhephu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kufumaneka kwiindawo apho imvula iphantsi.
Ikhephu eliqweqwe
Olu hlobo lwenziwa xa umhlaba unyibilika unyibilikisa amanzi kwaye wenza umaleko oqinileyo. Iimeko ezibangela ukwenziwa kweli khephu ngumoya ofudumeleyo, ukufukuhla kwamanzi ngokungaphezulu, imeko yelanga kunye nemvula.
Ngokwesiqhelo umaleko weefom uncipha kwaye wophuka xa i-ski okanye iibhutsi zidlula kuyo. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iimeko apho umaleko otyebileyo, oqhekezayo xa kunetha kwaye amanzi angena kwikhephu aze abanda. Lo ukhwekhwe uyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yokuba umtyibilizi kangakanani. Olu hlobo lwekhephu luxhaphake kakhulu kwiindawo nangamaxesha emvula.
Amacwecwe omoya
Umoya unika isiphumo sokuguga, ukwaphuka, ukudibana kunye nokudityaniswa kwawo onke amanqanaba aphezulu ekhephu. Umanyaniso lusebenza kakuhle xa umoya uzisa ubushushu obungakumbi. Nangona obo bushushu buziswa ngumoya abonelanga kunyibilikisa ikhephu, iyakwazi ukuyenza lukhuni ngokutshintsha. Amacwecwe omoya akhiweyo anokwaphuka ukuba amanqwanqwa asezantsi abuthathaka. Yilapho i-avalanche ifom.
firnspiegel
Eli gama linikezelwa kolo luhlu lucacileyo lomkhenkce ocacileyo ofunyenwe kwiindawo ezininzi ezinekhephu. Umkhenkce uvelisa ukubonakala xa ilanga likhanya. Olu luhlu lwenziwa xa ilanga linyibilikisa ikhephu elingaphezulu lize liqinise kwakhona. Lo maleko mncinci womkhenkce uyadala i-greenhouse encinci kuba ibangela ukuba izaleko ezisezantsi zinyibilike.
I-Verglás
Ngumaleko omncinci womkhenkce ocacileyo oveliswayo xa amanzi ebanda ngumkhenkce phezu kweliwa. Umkhenkce owenzileyo uyatyibilika kwaye wenza ukunyuka kube yingozi kakhulu.
Izikhewu zokudibanisa
Yimingxunya eyenzeka ngenxa yokunyibilika kwekhephu kwezinye iindawo kwaye inokufikelela kubunzulu obuguqukayo. Emaphethelweni emngxunya ngamnye, iimolekyuli zamanzi ziyanyuka kwaye kumbindi womngxuma, amanzi abanjisiwe. Oku kwenza umaleko wolwelo, wona, obangela ukuba ikhephu linyibilike.
Penitentes
Ezi zakhiwo zenzeka xa i-fusion voids iba nkulu kakhulu. Abazisolayo ziintsika ezenziwa kukudibana kwemingxunya emininzi. Kwenziwa iikholamu ezithatha indawo yokuvela kwabazisolayo. Zenzeka kwiindawo ezinkulu ezinendawo eziphakamileyo kunye neendawo eziphantsi. Abazisolayo bafikelela kuphuhliso olukhulu kwiiAndes naseHimalaya, apho banokulinganisa khona ngaphezulu kwemitha enye, eyenza ukuhamba nzima. Iikholamu zihlala zixhomekeke kwilanga lasemini.
Imijelo yokuhambisa amanzi
Yenziwe xa kuqala ixesha lonyaka. Uthungelwano lokuhambisa amanzi lwenziwa ngenxa yokubaleka kwamanzi. Ukuhamba okwenyani kwamanzi akwenzeki ngaphezulu, kodwa ngaphakathi kwengubo yekhephu. Amanzi atyibilika ngaphakathi kumkhenkce aze aphelele kuthungelwano lokuhambisa amanzi.
Imijelo yamanzi inokubangela i-avalanches kwaye yenze kube nzima ukuskiya.
Iindunduma
Iindunduma zenziwa sisenzo somoya kwindawo enekhephu. Ikhephu elomileyo lithatha iifom ezikhukhulayo kunye namaza amancinci kunye nezitenxo.
Iimbombo
Ziingqokelela zekhephu kwimiphetho eyenza umngcipheko okhethekileyo, kuba ijinga yenza ubunzima obungazinzanga obunokufunyanwa ngabantu okanye ngenxa yendalo (umoya onamandla, umzekelo). Iyakwazi ukwenza i-avalanches, nangona ingozi yayo ikhona ngokuwa nje kwayo.
Ngolu lwazi, ngokuqinisekileyo uya kuba nakho ukulazi ikhephu ngokucokisekileyo ngakumbi kwaye uqaphele uhlobo lwekhephu olukhoyo ngalo mzuzu kwixesha elizayo xa usiya kwindawo enekhephu.