Ikhalenda lolunye lovavanyo lwembono yexesha lokuhlala. Ngokuyihlalutya, sinokufumana ulwazi malunga nezinye iimpawu zoluntu. Ubudlelwane phakathi kweenkolelo ezithandwayo kunye neenkolelo zobuKristu, ulwakhiwo lwentlalo, iikhonsepthi zobomi bomntu, njl. Ziye zabonakaliswa kwikhalenda yobugcisa okanye yoncwadi ebonisa ezi mpawu, kunye namabinzana omlomo esiwabiza ngokuba ngamaqhalo. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ikhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi ngembali, ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nendlela onokubona ngayo ikhalenda yexesha eliphakathi.
Imbali yekhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi
Ngexesha lamaXesha Aphakathi, iikhalenda ezazisetyenziswa kumaxwebhu aphakathi kumazwe obuKristu kwi-Iberia Peninsula zazahlukile kwiikhalenda esizisebenzisayo namhlanje. Kwisandle esinye, ikhalenda ibhalwe kakhulu ngexesha leSpanish, nangona siza kubona ezinye iimodeli kungekudala. Kwelinye icala, umhla kunye nomhla wenyanga ulandela ikhalenda yaseRoma kwaye ixesha losuku lilandela ixesha eliqhelekileyo elisetyenzisiweyo kwindlu yoonongendi.
Le ndlela yokuthandana kubonakala ngathi yayisetyenziswa kwi-Iberia Peninsula ukusukela kwinkulungwane yesithathu, kwaye yaphakanyiswa ngokubanzi kwiiVisigoths nakwi-Middle Middle Ages. Nje Imvelaphi yayo kukholelwa ukuba ibhekisa kwi-Hispanics eyayizinziswe ngamaRoma. Ngokwalo mbono, kwenzeka ngo-38 BC, oko kukuthi, ngo-716 xa kwakusekwa isixeko saseRoma, nangona sisazi ukuba kwakungenjalo. Yenzekile de kwaphela iimfazwe zaseCantabrian kwi19 BC.
Ke ngoko, ukuba sinalo uxwebhu olubhalwe ngokomhla we-Hispanic, kufuneka sithathe iminyaka engama-38 kwaye siya kufumana unyaka ohambelana nekhalenda yangoku. Umzekelo, ukuba uxwebhu lubhalwe umhla kwifayile ye- ibingu-1045, emva koko ubala unyaka ngokwekhalenda yethu: 1045-38 = 1007, Oko kukuthi, iyahambelana nonyaka we-1007 wekhalenda yethu.
WayengumKristu
Ngomnyaka wama-532, imonki uDionysius the Meager wabala umhla awayeza kuzalwa ngawo uYesu Krestu: nge-25 kaDisemba, 752 emva kokusekwa kweRoma. Ngenxa yesi siganeko singaqhelekanga, kwamiselwa ukuba emva kwe-31 kaDisemba, 752, ukusukela ekusekweni kweRoma, yalandelwa ngoJanuwari 1, unyaka 1 wexesha lamaKristu. Kude kube namhla, ubalo ngqo olwasetyenziswa nguDionysus ukufikelela kwesi sigqibo ngekhalenda alwaziwa. Ekugqibeleni yaphela ingalunganga phakathi kumahluko weminyaka emi-4-7. Nangona kunjalo, ukusukela ekucacisweni kwayo, kuye kwasebenza ukubala iminyaka yethu.
Kuya kufuneka ndikhumbule ukuba unyaka we-0 awukhange ucingelwe. Kulapho ke baqala ukusebenzisa isifinyezo AD esithetha anno domini okanye unyaka weNkosi. Zininzi iindlela zokusebenzisa ukuthandana kwexesha lamaKristu ngokuxhomekeke kumhla okhethwe ukuba uqale unyaka. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo:
- Unyaka wolwaluko: unyaka uqala ngoJanuwari 1 kwaye yeyona ndlela siyisebenzisayo ngoku. Yayisetyenziselwa ukuqala unyaka wamaRoma. Luhlobo lonyaka olusetyenziswa ngookumkani baseMerovingian ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Leyo yayiyimpembelelo enokuthi isasazeke kulo lonke elaseYurophu ukusukela kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX. Ukufika eSpain kunye nenqanaba laseburhulumenteni kwaqala ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX.
- Unyaka wokuzalwa: Apha unyaka uqala nge-25 ka-Matshi, xa iNtombikazi enguMariya yakhawula uYesu, oko kukuthi, iinyanga ezisithoba ngaphambi kokuzalwa kukaKristu.
Unyaka wokuzalwa ungabhalwa ngeendlela ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Kwelinye icala, sinobalo lwePisan olusetyenziswa ePisa naseSiena phakathi kwezinye iidolophu zaseTaliyane Tuscany. Ukuze ukwazi ukuya kwenye ikhalenda, kuyakwanela ukuthabatha unyaka omnye ukusuka kumhla ukuba uphakathi kuka-Matshi 25 no-Disemba 31 kwaye uhlala ulingana ngokude ukwenye ikhefu.
Kwelinye icala esinalo Ukubala kukaFlorentine. Unyaka uqala apha ngo-Matshi 25, kodwa emva kokuba iNtombikazi enguMariya ikhulelwe uYesu Kristu. Ke, ukuba umhla weFlorentine uphakathi kukaJanuwari 1 noMatshi 24, kufuneka kongezwe unyaka ukuze uwudlulisele kubalo lwethu. Ukuba umhla we-Florentine uphakathi kuka-Matshi 25 no-Disemba 31 uhlala unjalo. Yayisetyenziswa kwisithsaba seAragon de kwalawula uPedro IV.
Ikhalenda yexesha eliphakathi: eminye iminyaka
Kukho ezinye iintlobo zeminyaka kwikhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi. Makhe sibone ukuba zintoni:
- Unyaka wokuzalwa: unyaka uqala ngomhla wokuzalwa kukaKrestu owawungoDisemba 25. Yayisetyenziswa ikakhulu kumazwe ase-Italiya nakwamanye amazwe ngenkulungwane ye-1350. Wamiselwa njengegosa laseAragon ngo-25. Kule meko, ukuba umhla wawuphakathi kukaDisemba 31 noDisemba XNUMX, unyaka omnye kuya kufuneka uthabathe ukusuka kuloo mhla. Zonke ezinye iintsuku zihambelana.
- Unyaka wovuko: luhlobo lokugqibela lonyaka olukhoyo kwikhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi. Yeyona nto inzima ukudlulisela kwikhalenda yethu kuba iCawa yePasika ayinalo usuku olumiselweyo. Kuxhomekeka kwikhalenda yenyanga naxa kubekwa umbhiyozo weVeki eNgcwele.
Iinyanga zonyaka
Ukusuka kwikhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi iinyanga zonyaka ezifumaneka kumaxwebhu asusela kumaXesha Aphakathi aphezulu akhutshwa. Ukuba kwikhalenda yamaRoma emva kohlaziyo lukaJulian olwahlula unyaka kwiinyanga ezili-12, njengoko sisazi namhlanje. Masibone ukuba zithini iinyanga zekhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi:
- NgoJanuwari: igama layo livela kumnyango welizwi kwaye linxulumene noThixo Janus. Kungenxa yokuba yinyanga ekhokelela kunyaka.
- NgoFebruwari: zivela kwigama elingu-februa elithetha iminyhadala yokuhlanjululwa. Kuya kufuneka sazi ukuba kwikhalenda kaJulius yonke iminyaka eyahlula ngo-4 yayixhuma, ngelixa kweyethu iyiyo yonke iminyaka emi-4.
- NgoMatshi: Yinyanga enikezelwe kuThixo weMfazwe.
- Epreli: igama lemvelaphi aliqinisekanga.
- UCanzibe: igama lisenokuvela kuthixokazi waseRoma uMaia omthendeleko wakhe wabhiyozelwa ngamaRoma ngaloo nyanga.
- Isilimela: igama lenyanga livela kumsunguli weriphabliki yaseRoma.
- Julayi: ligama ukuhlonipha uJulius Caesar ukuba akukho asidi kule nyanga.
- EyeThupha: I-3030 30 sele ibizwa ngokuba ngu-Sextilis, kodwa ukusukela nge-8 BC ivumba lika-Emperor Augustus lalibizwa ngokuba yi-augustus.
- EyoMsintsi: Ibizwa ngale ndlela kuba yinyanga yesixhenxe ukusukela ngoMatshi
- Oktobha: Ngaphambili ibiyinyanga yesibhozo ukusukela ngoMatshi.
- EyeNkanga: Ngaphambili inyanga yesithoba ukusukela ngoMatshi
- Disemba: Ibikade iyinyanga yeshumi ukusukela ngoMatshi
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nekhalenda yamaxesha aphakathi kunye nembali yayo.