Ikhabhoni kwindalo

Kwiplanethi yethu kukho iigesi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezinto eziyimfuneko ebomini. Inani lezi zinto kunye neegesi zixhomekeke ekusebenzeni kwesinye nesinye kwimisebenzi eyenzeka kwihlabathi liphela. Namhlanje siza kuthetha ikhabhon kwindalo. Ikhabhoni inokufumaneka kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo kwiplanethi yethu ezinjengeoyile, iigrafayithi, idayimani, phakathi kwabanye. Yinto yeekhemikhali ekwinqanaba lesithandathu kwitheyibhile yamaxesha kwaye ayiyintsimbi.

Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ngazo zonke iimpawu nokubaluleka kwekhabhoni kwindalo.

Iimpawu eziphambili

Ikhabhon sisixhobo semichiza esine-tetravalent. Oku kuthetha ukuba iyasinda ekusekeni iibhondi zeekhemikhali ezi-4 zee-elektroni ekwabelwana ngazo okanye iibhondi ezihlangeneyo. Yeyona nto inentabalala ngobuninzi bayo yonke indawo kuqweqwe lomhlaba. Ubuninzi bayo bulele ngokwahluka. Kungenxa yokuba ikho ekubunjweni kweekhompawundi eziphilayo kwaye inesakhono esikhethekileyo sokwenza iipholima kumaqondo obushushu aqhelekileyo afunyanwa kwiplanethi yethu. Le yindlela esebenza ngayo njengesixhobo kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi.

Ikharbon kwindalo ifunyanwa njengenxalenye yemichiza engadibani nezinye iifom. Ubukhulu becala idityaniswe nemichiza yecarbon efana necalcium carbonate kunye nezinye iikhompawundi kwioyile nakwirhasi yendalo. Inokufumaneka kwakhona ngohlobo lweeminerali ezahlukeneyo ezinje nge amalahle, i-lignite kunye ne-peat. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwikhabhoni kukuba ikhoyo kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo.

Ifumaneka phi ikhabhoni kwindalo?

Njengoko besesitshilo ngaphambili, ikhabhoni kwindalo ifumaneka kuzo zonke iintlobo zobomi kwaye ikho kuzo zonke iintlobo zekristalline: idayimane, igrafite kunye ne-fullerene. Singazibona nezinye iifom zamaminerali ezinamalahle afana ne-lignite, amalahle, i-peat kunye neefom zamanzi ezinje ngeoyile kunye negesi efana nendalo. Siza kudwelisa nganye nganye kwaye siyibonakalise.

Iifom zeCrystalline

• Grafayithi: Yinto eqinileyo emnyama ngombala kwaye ine-sheen emelana nobushushu. Inesakhiwo se-crystalline njengeeathom zekhabhoni ezinxulunyaniswe kunye ngeebhondi ezinamacala amathandathu. Ezi athom zidibeneyo zenze amaphepha.
• Idayimani: sisandi esiqatha kakhulu esikwaziyo ukuvumela ukukhanya kudlule kuso. Iiathom zekhabhon ezidayimani zidityaniswe ngendlela yeetetrahedral.
• IiFullerenes: Iifom zekhabhoni ezenza izihloko ezineeathom ezininzi kwaye ezinye zikwimo engathi iyafana neebhola zebhola.

Iifom zeAmorphous

Kule meko, iiathom zekhabhoni azimanyi okanye zenze ulwakhiwo olungagunyaziswanga ngokomyalelo. Batyekele ekubeni nokungcola okuninzi kunye nezinye izinto. Makhe sihlalutye ukuba ziyintoni:

• I-anthracite: Yeyona metamorphic yamaminerali indala ekhoyo. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kutshintsho lwamatye olunefuthe lobushushu, uxinzelelo kunye nokusebenza kwamachiza kwindalo. Ziye zenziwa ikakhulu ngexesha leCarboniferous.
• AmalahleNgumgodi wamalahle owenziwe kwilitye lentlenga elinemvelaphi yezinto eziphilayo. Ukubunjwa kwenzeka ngexesha Paleozoic kwaye emnyama ngombala. Inomxholo ophezulu wezinto ezinobuncwane.
• Lignite: Lamalahle e-fossil amaminerali awenziwe nge-peat ngoxinzelelo oluphezulu.
• Peat: Yimvelaphi yemvelaphi yendalo evela kwixesha le-Quaternary kwaye oku kutshanje kunamalahle angaphambili. Ihlala ibalasele ngokuba nombala omthubi bumdaka kwaye ubunzima bayo butyabukile bunoxinano oluphantsi. Ivela kubutyobo bezityalo.
• Ioyile kunye negesi yendalo: Ngawona mafutha awaziwa kakhulu ezimbiwa kwindalo iphela. Zenziwe ngomxube wezinto eziphilayo, uninzi lwazo ziihydrocarbon. Ezi hydrocarbon zenziwa ngokubola kwebhakteria ye-anaerobic yezinto eziphilayo. Ngesi sizathu, ukuyilwa kwayo kwenzeka kumhlaba ongaphantsi kubunzulu obukhulu kwaye phantsi kweemeko ezizodwa zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali. Le yinkqubo eyenzeka kwizigidi zeminyaka.

Umjikelo we-biogeochemical wekhabhoni kwindalo

Umjikelo wekhabhoni yinkqubo ethile kwaye ibalulekile ebomini kumhlaba wethu. Imalunga notshintshiselwano ngegesi kulo lonke iplanethi. Unokutshintsha phakathi i-biosphere, i-atmosfera, i-lithosphere kunye ne-hydrosphere. Ulwazi lwale nkqubo yokujikeleza kwekhabhoni yeyona nto isincedayo ukubonisa isenzo sabantu kolu hlobo lomjikelo. Kungenxa yoko le nto sinolwazi olufanelekileyo lwe-Iberia malunga nesenzo abantu abanaso kutshintsho lwemozulu lwehlabathi.

Kwaye ikharbon iyakwazi ukujikeleza phakathi kweelwandle kunye nawo onke amanye umzimba wamanzi. Inokujikeleza phakathi komhlaba ongaphantsi, umhlaba, iatmosfera kunye nendalo. Inenxaxheba kwiinkqubo ezifana nefotosinthesisi apho izityalo zithatha ikhabhon efumaneka emoyeni ukuze zivelise ioksijini ngokuphendula ngamachiza. Le photosynthesis ivumela icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi ukuba athathwe ngamandla elanga kunye neklorophyll eveliswe zizityalo ukuvelisa ii-carbohydrate okanye iswekile. Ioksijini yimveliso yenkunkuma kwezi mpendulo.

Ikhabhoni a ikwakhona kwiinkqubo zendalo ezinje ngokuphefumla nokubola. Ezi nkqubo zebhayiloji zinoxanduva lokukhuphela ikhabhon kwindalo esingqongileyo ngohlobo lwekhabhon dayoksayidi okanye imethane. I-Methane iya kuhlala ikhona xa kukho ukubola ngokungabikho kweoksijini.

Ikhabhon kwindalo idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zejoloji. Ezi nkqubo zejoloji zenzeka njengesiphumo sokuhamba kwexesha. Kulapha apho ikhabhoni ngokusebenzisa ukubola kwe-anaerobic inokuguqulwa ibe zi-fuels ezifana neoyile, igesi yendalo kunye namalahle. Ukongeza, le khabhoni inokuba yeyakho kwaye ibe yinxalenye yezinye iiminerali kunye namatye.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga nokubaluleka kwekhabhoni kwindalo.