Ubushushu bubungakanani bomzimba obunxulumene nomndilili wamandla ekinetic wamasuntswana enza into okanye inkqubo. Ukuphakama kwamandla e-kinetic, iqondo lokushisa liphezulu. Sikwabhekisela kwiqondo lobushushu njengamava ethu oluvo lwemizimba yethu kunye nokusingqongileyo kwangaphandle, umzekelo xa sibamba izinto okanye siva umoya. Nangona kunjalo, kuxhomekeke kwimeko apho isetyenziswe khona, kukho iindidi ezahlukeneyo iiyunithi zobushushu.
Kule nqaku siza kuthetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeeyunithi zokushisa, iimpawu zabo, ezininzi kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.
Izikali zobushushu kunye neeyunithi
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zezikali zokulinganisa ubushushu. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:
- umlinganiselo wobushushu beCelsius. Ikwabizwa ngokuba yi "centigrade scale" kwaye sesona sisetyenziswa kakhulu. Kwesi sikali, indawo yokukhenkceza yamanzi ilingana no-0 °C (zero degrees celcius) kwaye indawo yokubila yi-100 °C.
- Isikali seFahrenheit. Lo ngumlinganiselo osetyenziswa kumazwe amaninzi antetho isisiNgesi. Kwesi sikali, amanzi aneqondo lomkhenkce lama-32°F (amashumi amathathu anesibini ngokukaFahrenheit) kunye neqondo lokubila elingu-212°F.
- Kelvin isikali. Yindlela yokulinganisa esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwinzululwazi, kwaye “u-zero opheleleyo” umiselwa njengenqaku elinguziro, oko kukuthi, into ayikhuphi bushushu, obulingana no -273,15 °C (Celsius).
- Isikali senqanaba. Lumlinganiselo osetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo wobushushu be-thermodynamic e-United States kwaye uchazwa njengomlinganiselo weedigri zeFahrenheit ngaphezu kweqanda ngokupheleleyo, ngoko ke akukho xabiso libi okanye lisezantsi.
Lilinganiswa njani iqondo lobushushu?
- Ubushushu bulinganiswa ngomlinganiselo wobushushu, oko kukuthi, iiyunithi ezahlukeneyo zimele amaqondo obushushu kwizikali ezahlukeneyo. Kule nto, isixhobo esibizwa ngokuba yi "thermometer" sisetyenziswa, esiziintlobo ngeentlobo ngokuxhomekeke kwinto enokulinganiswa, njengale:
- Ukwandiswa kunye nokucutheka. Iithemometers zikhona ukulinganisa iigesi (iithemometha zoxinzelelo lwegesi ezingaguqukiyo), ulwelo (ithemometha zemercury), kunye nezinto eziqinileyo (iithemomitha zolwelo okanye i-bimetallic cylinder cylinder), zizinto ezo ezinwenwayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu okanye ezifinyezwayo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
- utshintsho ekuchaseni. Ukumelana nokutshintsha ngokweqondo lobushushu abalufumanayo. Ukulinganisa, i-thermometers yokuchasana isetyenzisiweyo, njenge-sensors (esekelwe ekuchaseni okukwazi ukuguqula utshintsho lombane kwinguqu yeqondo lokushisa) kunye ne-pyroelectrics (ukuvelisa amandla okuqhuba).
- Thermal radiation thermometer. Iziganeko zemitha ezikhutshwa licandelo lezoshishino zinokulinganiswa ngezinzwa zobushushu ezifana ne-infrared pyrometers (ukulinganisa amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu efriji) kunye neepyrometers zamehlo (ukulinganisa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwiziko kunye neentsimbi ezinyibilikisiweyo).
- amandla e-thermoelectric. Ukudityaniswa kweentsimbi ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ezichatshazelwa ngamaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo xa kuthelekiswa nomnye kudala amandla e-electromotive, aguqulwa abe namandla ombane kwaye alinganiswe ngeevolthi.
Umlinganiselo weeyunithi zobushushu
Xa sithetha ngobushushu, sithetha ngomlinganiselo othile wobushushu obufunxayo okanye obukhutshwa ngumzimba. Kubalulekile ukuba ungabhidanisi ubushushu kunye nobushushu. Ubushushu luhlobo lwamandla kwezothutho. Umzimba okanye inkqubo ayinabo ubushushu, iyabufunxa okanye iyabuncama. Endaweni yoko, inobushushu obunxulunyaniswa nokuhamba kobushushu.
Ukusuka kwimbono yefiziksi, ubushushu obudluliselwe kwinkqubo okanye umzimba buvelisa umsebenzi wemolekyuli, ukuphazamiseka (okanye ukunyakaza) kweemolekyuli. Xa silinganisa iqondo lobushushu, silinganisa intshukumo esiyibona njengobushushu kodwa eneneni ingamandla ekinetic.
umlinganiselo wobushushu Ibalulekile kwiinkalo ezininzi zenzululwazi, iteknoloji, ishishini kunye namayeza.. Kwishishini, umzekelo, ukulinganisa ukushisa kubalulekile kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa, apho kuyimfuneko ukulawula ukushisa kwezinto kunye neemveliso zokuqinisekisa ukuveliswa komgangatho. Imilinganiselo yeeyunithi zeqondo lokushisa iyenziwa kwakhona ekugcinweni kokutya kunye namayeza, kuba inokuchaphazela umgangatho kunye nokhuseleko lweemveliso.
Kwezamayeza, Sisixhobo esibalulekileyo sokuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo. Umkhuhlane luphawu lokuba umzimba ulwa nosulelo okanye esinye isifo. Ukulinganisa ubushushu bomzimba kunokunceda ukubona ukuba umntu unomkhuhlane kwaye ngoko ufuna unyango lwamayeza.
Ukulinganisa ubushushu yinto eqhelekileyo kwinkalo yenzululwazi kunye nophando. Kwifiziksi, iqondo lobushushu lisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa amandla e-thermal ezinto eziphathekayo, ezinokuthi zibe nefuthe kwi-conductivity yombane, i-viscosity, kunye neminye imiba yokuziphatha kwezinto. Kwi-astronomy, ukulinganisa ubushushu bezinto ezisesibhakabhakeni kunokunceda izazinzulu ziqonde ngcono ukwakheka kunye nokuvela kwezinto ezisesibhakabhakeni.
iintlobo zobushushu
Ubushushu bohlulwe ngokwe:
- Ubushushu bomileyo. Bubushushu bomoya ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo intshukumo yawo okanye ipesenti yokufuma. Ilinganiswa ngethemometha emhlophe yemekyuri ukuyithintela ekufutheni imitha. Enyanisweni, bubushushu esibulinganisa ngethemometha yemekyuri.
- ubushushu obukhazimlayo. Ilinganisa ubushushu obukhutshwa zizinto, kuquka nemitha yelanga. Ngoko ubushushu obukhazimlayo buya kwahluka ngokuxhomekeke ekubeni udubula elangeni okanye emthunzini.
- iqondo lobushushu elifumileyo. Ukulinganisa eli qondo lokushisa, i-sphere ye-thermometer isongelwe kwikotoni efumileyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ukufuma kokusingqongileyo kuphezulu, amaqondo obushushu kunye namaqondo obushushu aya kufana, kodwa ukufuma okusezantsi phakathi kokusingqongileyo kunye nebhalbhu, kokukhona kusezantsi ubushushu obufumayo.
Izinto eziguqula ubushushu
Ukuphakama
Ukuphakama yenye yezinto eziguqula ubushushu. Ukutenxa okusemgangathweni kukuba iqondo lobushushu lehla nge-6,5 ° C ngekhilomitha, eliyi-1 ° C kwiimitha ezili-154.. Oku kubangelwa ukuhla koxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kunye nokuphakama, oku kuthetha ukuxinwa okuphantsi kweengqungquthela zomoya ezibamba ukushisa. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba olu tshintsho lobushushu lukwaxhomekeke kwezinye izinto ezifana nokukhanya kwelanga, umoya kunye nokufuma.
Ububanzi
Okukhona iphezulu isibanzi, kokukhona iqondo lobushushu lisezantsi. Ububanzi ngumgama we-angular ukusuka kwindawo kumphezulu woMhlaba ukuya ku-0 degree parallel (ikhweyitha). Ekubeni ingumgama we-angular, ilinganiswa ngeedigri.
Okukhona uphezulu isibanzi, oko kukuthi, kokukhona umgama omkhudlwana ukuya kwi-ikhweyitha, kokukhona usezantsi ubushushu. Oku kungenxa yokuba kwi-ikhweyitha, umphezulu woMhlaba ufumana imitha yelanga ngokuthe ngqo, ngelixa kwiipali (iindawo eziphezulu), imitha ifika ngokukhawuleza, ixesha elifutshane. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, kufutshane ne-ikhweyitha, imozulu iyafudumala ngoxa umkhenkce uqokelelana ezipalini.
Ilizwekazi
Enye into echaphazela ubushushu ngumgama oya elwandle, owaziwa ngokuba yi-continentality. Umoya okufutshane nolwandle ufumile ngakumbi, ngoko unokugcina ubushushu obuzinzileyo ixesha elide. Ngokuchaseneyo, umoya osuka elwandle uyoma ngakumbi, ngoko ke umahluko wobushushu phakathi kwemini nobusuku okanye ukukhanya nomthunzi mkhulu. Ke ngoko, kunokubakho amaqondo obushushu angamashumi amabini degrees okanye ngaphezulu kwimimandla eyintlango.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neeyunithi zobushushu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo.