Kwi-physics nakwi-astronomy, kufundwa amasuntswana okuthelekelela anokukwazi ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya. La masuntswana okucinga ayabizwa iitoni. Nangona ithiyori ka-Einstein yokuhambelana kwezinto isixelela ukuba amasuntswana awanako ukuhamba ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya, ezi ntlobo zamasuntswana zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izifundo ezahlukeneyo apho kufunyanwa khona izibonelelo zenzululwazi.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ofuna ukuyifumana malunga neetachoni kunye neempawu zazo.
Zithini iitachoni?
Xa sihlalutya amasuntswana ahlukeneyo ahamba emajukujukwini nexesha kwi-physics okanye i-gastronomy, sithi kukho isilingi sesantya sokukhanya. Nabani na onokuhamba ngesantya esikhawulezayo kunokukhanya, uya kuba nakho ukuhamba ngexesha. Ukusuka kuseto lweetoni ezinokuhamba ngesantya esiphezulu, amandla etachyon azalwa. Olu hlobo lwamandla aluthathi hlangothi kwaye ihamba ngesantya esiphindwe ka-27 kwisantya sokukhanya. Iitachoni zizinto zolu hlobo lwamandla kwaye ziyahambelana namandla okucinga.
Ukuba siyayihlalutya ngokwembono yethiyori ka-Einstein yolwalamano olukhethekileyo, i-tachyon sisuntswana lokucinga eline-quadrimoment yohlobo lwendawo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amandla kunye namaxesha ayinyani, ubunzima bayo ekuphumleni iya kuba linani lokucinga. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-quad yakho izakuba ine-negative. Sihlalutya umzuzu wakho wexesha kwaye ubone ukuba uyakufumana itachyon ekwakucingwa nayo.
Umphumo onomdla wokuba ii-tachyons zinayo le nto, ngokungafaniyo namasuntswana okwenyani, isantya sala masuntswana sikhula njengamandla okukhula. Iziphumo zoku oku kunokubangelwa kukuhambelana ngokukodwa. Hypothetically siphawula uhlobo lwetachyon enobunzima besikwere obubi. Ukuba siyavumelana no-Einstein, amandla apheleleyo anayo isuntswana amaxesha ophumlo aphindaphindeneyo isantya sokukhanya esikwere kwaye siphindaphindwe yinyani yeLorentz.
Xa ii-tachyons zisetyenziselwa umba oqhelekileyo sibona ukuba amandla ayonyuka ngesantya kwaye iba yinto engenasiphelo njengoko isantya sisondela kwisantya sokukhanya. Ukuba ubunzima buyacingelwa, kuyakufuneka ukuba inani elingaphezulu kwinxalenye yeqhekeza kufuneka licingelwe ukuze sifumane inani lenene lamandla. Ukuze i-dinomineyitha ibe nokucinga, inani leengcambu kufuneka lingabi. Oku kuyakwenzeka kuphela ukuba isantya sokuhamba esithile sikhulu kunesantya sokukhanya. Kulapho inyani yokuba itachyon sisiqwengana esihamba ngesantya esiphezulu sivela kunokukhanya.
Imida kunye nethiyori yentsimi
Kufuneka iqatshelwe ukuba ii-tachyons zikhawulelwe kwinani lendawo yegrafite efumaneka ngokuhlalutya amandla kunye nomzuzu. Ke ngoko, eli qhekeza lokucinga alinakuze lihambe ngesantya esisezantsi kunesokukhanya. Njengomdla onomdla, njengoko amandla eli qhekeza ancipha, isantya saso siyanda.
Ukuba iitoni zibekhona kwaye zinokunxibelelana nomcimbi oqhelekileyo umgaqo wobubi unokuphulwa. Lo mgaqo uchaza ubudlelwane phakathi konobangela kunye neziphumo. Ngumgaqo osisiseko kuzo zonke iinzululwazi zendalo, ngakumbi kwicandelo le-physics. Ubume bunokufundwa kwezinye iimbono ezinje ngefilosofi, ukubala kunye neenkcukacha-manani.
Ngokwethiyori yobudlelwane ngokubanzi, kunokwenzeka ukwakha amaxesha exesha apho amasuntswana anokukhula ngokukhawuleza kunesantya sokukhanya. Esi sithuba sexesha esihlala sihambelana nombonisi okude.
Ukuba siya kwithiyori yentsimi siyabona ukuba ii-tachyons zihlala ziyintsimi yesikali. Kule meko, inobunzima obungathandekiyo obuphindwe kabini. Into yokuba kukho into ethile ithetha ukuba kukho ukungazinzi kwendawo yokuphumla. Kungenxa yokuba amandla e-vacuum anephezulu kunokuba ubuncinci. Impembelelo encinci kwesi sithuba kunye nexesha kunokubangela ukubola kwamaphimbo okubonisa okubonisa ukuveliswa kweetoni.
Iitachoni zikwabonakala kwiinguqulelo ezininzi zethiyori yomtya. Le ithiyori ithi konke esikubonayo ngamasuntswana ohlulwe aba zii-elektroni, iifotoni, iigraviton, njl. Onke la masuntswana ayimimandla eyahlukileyo yokushukuma komtya omnye. Emva koko, ubunzima bento ethile bunokuncitshiswa njengolo nyikiliso lwenziwa ngumtya. Iitoni zibonakala kwibala lezinto ezivunyelweyo kwaye oko kuthetha ukuba amanye amazwe anezikwere eziphikisanayo. Ke ngoko, zizinto ezithelekelelwayo.
Ngaba ii-tachyons zinokuphendula imibuzo malunga nendalo?
Izazinzulu I-Herb Fried, osuka kwiYunivesithi yaseBrown, kunye Yves gabellini, ezivela kwi-INLN-Université de Nice, jonga ukuba iimfihlakalo zeModeli eseMgangathweni zinokusonjululwa ziitoni. Ezi nzululwazi ziye zeza nemodeli esekwe kwii-tachyons ngelixa zizama ukufumana inkcazo yamandla amnyama esithubeni. Imodeli abayenzileyo ibinobunzima obahlukeneyo bemathematika njengoko bekukho amanani angalindelekanga kwaphela.
Siyazi ukuba ubunzima bokuphela kwethachyon linani eliqikelelweyo. Oku akunjalo ngamasuntswana aqhelekileyo. Izazinzulu ziye zaqonda ukuba ngokudibanisa ukutshintsha kwetachyon kunye ne-anti-tachyon, amanani acingelwayo angancediyo ukubala anokupheliswa. Banokucacisa kwakhona ukwanda okukhawulezayo kwendalo iphela kwimizuzu yokuqala yokudalwa kwayo.
Ezi ngqikelelo azinakukhatywa lulo naluphi na uvavanyo lokulinga. Nangona kunjalo, imodeli ingena ngokugqibeleleyo kuyo yonke idatha yolingo efumanekayo ngoku kumandla amnyama kunye namandla e-inflation athi enzeka xa i-big bang yadala indalo.
Zonke ezi zibalo zibonisa ukuba i-tachyons ezinamandla amakhulu ziya kuba nakho ukubuyisela kwakhona phantse zonke iifoto ezikhutshiweyo kwaye, ke, azibonakali.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba ziintoni iitachoni.