Siyazi ukuba iintaba-mlilo zizakhiwo zejoloji ezikhupha i-magma evela kumbindi womhlaba. IMagma ayiyonto ngaphandle kobunzima obukhulu bamatye atyhidiweyo avela kwingubo yoMhlaba. Xa i-magma ifika phezulu ibizwa ngokuba yi-lava. Zininzi iintlobo zeentaba-mlilo ngokokumila kwazo nohlobo lokuqhambuka kwazo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaba-mlilo ezikhoyo kwaye zithini na ukuqhuma kwazo.
Iindidi zeentaba-mlilo ngokwemisebenzi yazo
Ezi zintlobo eziphambili zeentaba-mlilo ngokohlobo lwazo lomsebenzi:
- Intaba-mlilo esebenzayo. Zezo ntaba-mlilo zingasebenziyo kwaye zinokugqabhuka nangaliphi na ixesha. Oku kwenzeka kwiintaba-mlilo ezininzi, kodwa njengemizekelo, sinokucaphula intaba-mlilo iCumbre Vieja eLa Palma, eSpeyin (edubulayo ngoku), intaba-mlilo i-Etna eSicily, eItali (edubulayo ngoku) kunye nentaba-mlilo iFuego eGuatemala (edubulayo ngoku) kunye Intaba-mlilo yaseIrazu eCosta Rica.
- Intaba-mlilo engasebenziyo. Zikwabizwa ngokuba ziindawo zokulala, kwaye ziintaba-mlilo ezigcina umsebenzi omncinci. Nangona umsebenzi wayo uphantsi, idla ngokugqabhuka. Xa kungekho ntaba-mlilo kangangeenkulungwane, intaba-mlilo igqalwa njengeleleyo. Intaba-mlilo iTeide kwiZiqithi zaseCanary eSpain kunye neYellowstone super volcano eUnited States yimizekelo yeentaba-mlilo ezileleyo. Nangona kunjalo, yomibini imizekelo ibonise intshukumo kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kuye kwakho inyikima epholileyo kwindawo yabo, ebonisa ukuba "basaphila" kwaye banokusebenza ngexesha elithile, abapheli okanye bafuduke.
- Ukuphela kwentaba-mlilo. Yintaba-mlilo yokugqibela ukudubula, eyaqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-25.000 XNUMX eyadlulayo. Kwimeko nayiphi na into, abaphandi abathinteli ukuba banokuphinda bavele ngexesha elithile. Le ndlela ikwabizwa ngokuba yintaba-mlilo intshukumo yayo ye-tectonic isusiwe kumthombo wayo we-magma. Intaba-mlilo yeDiamond Head eHawaii ngumzekelo wentaba-mlilo engasekhoyo.
Iindidi zeentaba-mlilo ngokogqabhuko-dubulo lwazo
Ezi ziindidi ezahlukeneyo zeentaba-mlilo ezikhoyo ngokogqabhuko-dubulo lwazo:
- Iintaba-mlilo zaseHawaii. Ilava evela kwezi ntaba-mlilo ilulwelo kwaye ayikhuphi gesi okanye ibangele ugqabhuko-dubulo ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo. Ngoko ke, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo luthe cwaka. Uninzi lweentaba-mlilo zaseHawaii zinezi ntlobo zogqabhuko-dubulo, ngoko ke igama. Ngokukodwa, sinokukhankanya intaba-mlilo yaseHawaii ebizwa ngokuba yiMauna Loa.
- Intaba-mlilo yaseStrombolian. Ngokungafaniyo nentaba-mlilo esandul’ ukuchazwa, intaba-mlilo yaseStrombolian ibonisa intaba-mlilo encinane equkuqelayo, enogqabhuko-dubulo oluquka uqhushumbo oluqhubekayo. Ngapha koko, udaka lukhazimla njengoko lunyusa umbhobho, kwaye emva koko umsebenzi wentaba-mlilo uyacotha ukuzisa iibhola ze-lava ezidityanisiweyo ezibizwa ngokuba zii-volcanic projectiles. Igama lale ntaba-mlilo libhekiselele kwintaba-mlilo iStrombolian eItali, eqhushumba ngesingqi rhoqo ngemizuzu eli-10.
- Iintaba-mlilo zeVulcan. Kule meko, zigqabhuko-dubulo ezinobundlobongela kakhulu ezinokutshabalalisa i-volcano ezikuyo. ILava ibonakala ngokuba ne-viscous kakhulu kwaye iqulethe igesi eninzi. Ngokomzekelo, sinokukhankanya intaba-mlilo iVulcan yaseItali, eyabangelwa yintaba-mlilo yale ntaba-mlilo.
- Intaba-mlilo yasePlilian. Ezi ntaba-mlilo zinelava ebonakala kakhulu, ethi iqine ngokukhawuleza kwaye yenze iplagi kwi crater. Uxinzelelo olukhulu oluveliswa yirhasi yangaphakathi lubangela ukuba iintanda ezinqamlezayo zivuleke, ngamanye amaxesha zikhuphe iplagi ngobundlobongela. Ngokomzekelo, sinokukhankanya intaba-mlilo yeBailey Mountain eMartinique, ekuthathwe kuyo igama lale ntaba-mlilo.
- Intaba-mlilo yeHydromagmatic. Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo lubangelwa kukudibana kwe-magma kunye namanzi asemhlabeni okanye angaphezulu. Ngokuxhomekeke kumlinganiselo we-magma / wamanzi, kunokukhutshwa umphunga omninzi. Olu hlobo lomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo luxhaphakile kwiintaba-mlilo zengingqi yaseCampo de Calatrava eSpain.
- Intaba-mlilo yaseIceland. Kolu hlobo lwentaba-mlilo, udaka lwentaba-mlilo luyaqukuqela kwaye olu gqabhuko-dubulo lukhutshwa kukuqhekeka komhlaba, kungekhona ngecrater. Ngaloo ndlela kwazalwa ithafa elikhulu lodaka lodaka. Uninzi lwezi ntaba-mlilo ziseIceland, yiyo loo nto ziye zafumana amagama azo. Umzekelo okhethekileyo yintaba-mlilo yaseKrafla eIceland.
- Inkwili yentaba-mlilo. Nangona kuyamangalisa, kukwakho neentaba-mlilo ezisaqhushumbayo emazantsi olwandle. Kambe ke, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwaselwandle ludla ngokuhlala ixeshana. Kwezinye iimeko, i-lava ekhutshiweyo inokufikelela phezulu kwaye yenze iziqithi ezinentaba-mlilo njengoko iphola.
Iindidi zokuqhuma
Makhe siqwalasele ngakumbi kuhlobo logqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo nganye. Kuxhomekeke kumxholo woqeqesho nophuhliso. Makhe sibone ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zogqabhuko-dubulo ezikhoyo:
- IsiHawayi: Le ntaba-mlilo ikhupha udaka olubonakala kancinane, olululwelo kakhulu ngenxa yokuba alunanto ininzi yepyroclastic (umxube oshushu wegesi, uthuthu, namaqhekeza amatye.
- Strombolian: iintaba-mlilo zikhupha imathiriyeli yepyroclastic. Ugqabhuko-dubulo luyenzeka manqaphanqapha kwaye intaba-mlilo ayiqhubeki nokukhupha udaka.
- IsiVulcanian: Intaba-mlilo ikhupha udaka olubonakalayo olunolwelo oluncinane kakhulu kwaye luqina ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Ifu elikhulu leefom ze-pyroclastic eziphathekayo kunye nenani elikhulu lomlotha liyakhutshwa. Zibonakaliswa ngokuqhuma ngendlela yamafu afana namakhowa okanye ifungi. Imisebenzi iqala ngogqabhuko-dubulo lokuntywila olukhupha inkunkuma. Imeko ephambili idla ngokubandakanya ukugqabhuka kwe-viscous magma, etyebileyo kwigesi yentaba-mlilo kwaye yenza amafu amnyama.
- Pliniana okanye Vesuviana: Intaba-mlilo iqhuma i-lava ebonakala kakhulu kwaye inobundlobongela. Ibonakaliswa ngamandla ayo angaqhelekanga, ukuqhuma kwegesi okuqhubekayo kunye nokukhutshwa komlotha omkhulu. Ngamanye amaxesha ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-magma lubangela ukuba umphezulu wentaba-mlilo udilike kuze kudaleke icrater. Ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo yasePrinia, umlotha ococekileyo unokusasazeka kwiindawo ezinkulu. Ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo iPliny luthiywe ngegama lesazi sendalo esidumileyo saseRoma uPliny Elder, owafa kugqabhuko-dubulo lweNtaba iVesuvius ngo-AD 79.
- Brawler: Le ntaba-mlilo ithiywe ngogqabhuko-dubulo lwePelee eMartinique ngowe-1902, olwabulala amawakawaka abantu. Ilava yakhawuleza yadityaniswa kwaye yenza iplagi kwi crater. Kuba akukho ndawo iphuma kuyo irhasi, kuya kuveliswa uxinzelelo olukhulu ngaphakathi kwentaba-mlilo, ngoko ke udonga lwentaba-mlilo luqala ukonakala kwaye udaka lukhutshwa kumacala omabini eludongeni.
- I-Hydro-volcanic: Ziziqhushumbo eziveliswa kukudibana kwe-magma namanzi aphantsi komhlaba okanye amanzi angaphezulu. “Zilulwelo: zilingana nogqabhuko-dubulo lwe<em>strombolian, nangona zigqabhuka ngakumbi.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaba-mlilo kunye nogqabhuko-dubulo lwazo.