Ukutyhubela imbali, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokubala amanani ezinxulumene nophuhliso lwempucuko ezinkulu ziye zabhalwa. Ezona zidumileyo zezi: amaJiphutha, amaBhabhiloni, amaRoma, amaTshayina, inkqubo esiyazi ngoku njengedesimali okanye iIndo-Arabic, kunye nenkqubo yamaMaya. Eyokugqibela, esetyenziswa yimpucuko yangaphambi kweColumbian, iqulathe inkqubo yokubala amanani, oko kukuthi, kwisiseko samashumi amabini. Ngokweerekhodi zembali, inkqubo i-vigesimal kuba isekelwe kwinani lenani leminwe kunye neenzwane. I iinombolo zamaya Baye baziwa kakhulu kwimbali kunye nanamhlanje.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba ziphi iinombolo zamaMaya, zeziphi iimpawu zabo, imvelaphi kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.
Impucuko yamaMaya
Ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngenkqubo yeenombolo zamaMaya, kufuneka sichaze ngokufutshane ukuba babengoobani ukuze baqonde ukubaluleka kwabo kwihlabathi laseMelika kunye nokubaluleka kwenkqubo yabo yamanani.
AmaMaya yenye yeenkcubeko eziphambili zommandla wenkcubeko owaziwa ngokuba yiMesoamerica, ehlala eMesoamerica ukusuka kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX BC ukuya kwinkulungwane ye-XNUMX AD. Yayiyenye yeedolophu ezibalulekileyo kulo lonke elaseMelika kwaye badlala indima ephambili kwindaleko yeenkcubeko kulo lonke elaseMelika naseMesoamerica. Nangona yayigcinwe kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, inyaniso ikukuba yayingabalulekanga ngokufanayo kuwo onke la maxesha, kodwa nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yayo yezibalo yanwenwela kwiidolophu ezininzi.
Nangona bengabantu bamandulo, inyaniso kukuba amaMaya ayenye yezona nkcubeko zihamba phambili, ezifikelela phambili kwinkalo yesayensi ngaphambi kwezizwe ezininzi zaseYurophu. kungekuphela nje kwimbali yaseMelika kodwa nakwimbali yoluntu.
iinombolo zamaya
Enxulunyaniswa nenkqubo yeenombolo zamaMaya, sifumana umbhalo wamaMaya, inkqubo yemifanekiso yamaMaya apho inani elikhulu leepictographs zadityaniswa kunye nezinye iisimboli ukwenza inkqubo yokubhala ebanzi kwaye entsonkothileyo, enokuba yeyokuqala yenkqubo enkulu yokubhala yaseMesoamerican. Ukuzoba umlinganiso kunye nento eyaziwa kangcono, sinokuthi ukubhala kweMayan kufana kakhulu nokubhala kwaseYiputa, ngakumbi malunga ne-hieroglyphics.
Ngokusebenzisa indlela efana neeglyphs ezisetyenzisiweyo ekubhaleni, sifumanisa ubukho benkqubo yamanani, ekwasebenzisa inani elikhulu leesimboli. Le miqondiso inxulumene nosuku, inyanga kunye nonyaka, ekubeni inkqubo yeenombolo zamaMaya yayingagxininisi ekusombululeni iingxaki zemathematika, kodwa ngokuchasene nenani elikhulu labantu baseYurophu, ukusetyenziswa kwabo kwenkqubo yamanani yayikukujonga ixesha. njengekhalenda yamaMaya. Yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwimpucuko.
Inkqubo yamanani ye-Mayan yayiyi-vigesimal., iisimboli ezisetyenziselwa ukumela izinto ezinjengemigca, iinkumba, namachaphaza, yiyo loo nto uninzi lweesimboli ezimele amanani zifana kakhulu enye kwenye. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, inkqubo ikwindawo, itshintsha ixabiso lenani ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo apho isimboli ikhoyo, ukwandisa inani ngenkqubo esekelwe kwiindawo ezininzi eziphakamileyo.
Kufuneka kwakhona kuthathelwe ingqalelo ukuba kwesi sifundo sithetha ngenkqubo yokubala amanani esisiseko samaMaya, kuba kwakukho ezinye iinkqubo ezilula, ezinokuthi zenzeke. isetyenziswa kwinkalo enye kuphela yobomi, njengenkqubo yokurhweba engaqhelekanga okanye inkqubo yeemilo zentloko ezisetyenziswe kwimibhalo apho amanani amelwe yimifanekiso yentloko.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Ukuqhubeka nokufunda malunga nenkqubo yokubala iinombolo zamaMaya kunye namanani aseMeya, kufuneka sixoxe ngeendlela ezisetyenziselwa ukubhala la manani, okubalulekileyo ukubona imizekelo ukuqonda ukubaluleka kweesimboli.
Inkqubo yokubhala yedijithali yaseMayan isekelwe kwizinto ezi-3 eziphambili:
- Amanqaku amele iiYunithi
- Imivumbo ifuzisela u-5
- Inkumba yayisetyenziselwa ukumela i-0, inani elingaqhelekanga kakhulu kwabanye abantu baseMesoamerican.
Ngokusebenzisa le miqondiso mithathu, iimaya zenze amanani ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-20, apho i-0 yinkumba, kwaye amanye amanani enziwa ngokudibanisa iidashi namachaphaza., njengo-6, emelwe ngumgca kunye nechaphaza. Umbono osisiseko wamanani angamashumi amabini okuqala kukusebenzisa imigca kunye namachaphaza ukwenza naliphi na inani.
Inkqubo yokubala yamaMaya eyayisetyenziswa yimpucuko yaseMaya yangaphambi kweColumbi yayiyinkqubo yokubala amanani, oko kukuthi, isiseko samashumi amabini. Umthombo wesi siseko sokubala yisalathisi somunwe esifunyenwe ngokudibanisa iminwe kunye neenzwane. Kwinkqubo yamanani kaMayan, imizobo isekelwe kwiisimboli. Iimpawu ezisetyenziswayo ngamachaphaza kunye nemivalo ethe tye. kwaye, kwimeko ye-zero, ii-ovals ezifana namaqokobhe olwandle.
Isixa samachaphaza amahlanu senza ibha, ngoko ke ukuba besinokubhala inani lesibhozo ngobhalo lweMayan, besiya kusebenzisa amachaphaza amathathu kwibha. Amanani 4, 5 kunye nama-20 ayebalulekile kumaMaya kuba ayekholelwa ukuba isi-5 sasiyiyunithi (isandla), ngoxa inani lesi-4 lalinxulunyaniswa nenani leeyunithi ezine zesi-5, ezibumba umntu (iminwe engama-20). .
Ukumelwa ngamanani kwamaMaya iphantsi komyalelo okanye kwinqanaba lenguqu, kwaye ihlala isekelwe kwi-20 kunye nokuphindaphinda kwayo. Ngokwembali, i-calculus yamaMayans yaqala ukusebenzisa uphawu lwe-zero ukuthethelela ixabiso elingento. Umbutho wamanani kwizindlu zamanani ukwabelwa inkqubo yamanani kaMayan.
Ukubaluleka kwamanani aseMeya
Kumanani aqala kumashumi amabini, ubunzima bexabiso lendawo engenisiweyo litshintsha inani ngokusekelwe kumphakamo othe nkqo inani likulo. Umbono kukuba inani lihlala kwindawo engezantsi, Naliphi na inani ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-20, kwaye elinye inani libekwe kwindawo ephezulu, liphindaphindwe ngama-20.
Amanqanaba ahlukeneyo abonisa inani lamaxesha inani lokuqala liphindaphindwe ngamashumi amabini, kwaye ubude belona nani likhulu bukwahluka.
Eminye imizekelo yenkqubo yokunika amanani kaMayan yile ilandelayo:
- 25: Ichaphaza eliphezulu liphindaphindwe ngamashumi amabini, kwaye umgca ongezantsi umele isihlanu.
- 20: Ichaphaza elingasentla liphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabini, kwaye inkumba engezantsi imele zero.
- 61: Amachaphaza amathathu aphezulu aphindaphindwa ngamashumi amabini, oko kukuthi ama-60, kwaye ichaphaza elingezantsi limela u-1.
- 122: Amachaphaza amabini angezantsi amele u-2, kwaye ichaphaza kunye nomgca ongasentla umele imveliso ka-20.
- 8000: Inqaku elinye lesithathu kunye neenkumba, inkumba nganye imele i-zero, kwaye ngenxa yobukho bamanqanaba amathathu, amanqaku amathathu aphindwe kabini.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neenombolo ze-mesh kunye nokubaluleka kwazo.