Las iindlela zokujiya ngamafu anomkhenkce, imigca emide ethi maxa wambi ivele xa inqwelo-moya idlula yaye ibangelwa kukujiya komphunga wamanzi okhutshwa ziinjini. Ngamanye amaxesha ezinye iintlobo zemiqobo ziye zenziwe kwiincam zamaphiko, ngenxa yokujiya komphunga womoya obangelwa kukwehla koxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu okwenzekayo xa inqwelo-moya idlula, kodwa le yokugqibela ngokuqhelekileyo iyenzeka ngexesha lokumka nokuhla. ukubhabha kumanqanaba aphezulu, kwaye bahlala kancinci kakhulu.
Ngesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into okufuneka uyazi malunga neendlela zokuxinana kunye neempawu zazo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Iinjini zeenqwelomoya ziyakhupha Umphunga wamanzi, ikharbhon diokside (CO2), landela izixa zenitrogen oxides (NOx), iihydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, iigesi zesulfure kunye nothuthu kunye namasuntswana esinyithi. Kuzo zonke ezi gesi kunye namasuntswana, umphunga wamanzi nguye kuphela ohambelana nokwakheka kwe-contrail.
Ukwenza i-contrail enkulu emva kwenqwelomoya endleleni, iimeko ezithile zokushisa kunye nokufuma ziyimfuneko ukuze kuvumeleke ukuxinana komphunga wamanzi okhutshwa ziinjini. Iigesi zesulfure zinokunceda ngenxa yokuba zinceda ukwenza iincinci ezincinci ezinokusebenza njenge-condensation nuclei, kodwa ngokubanzi kunjalo.
Kukho amasuntswana aneleyo kwi-atmosfera ukuze asebenze njenge-condensation nuclei. Iigesi eziseleyo kunye namasuntswana akhutshwa yinjini yenqwelomoya azichaphazeli ukwakheka kokuvuka.
Xa iigesi eziphuma kwinqwelo-moya zixubana nomoya oyingqongileyo, ziphola ngokukhawuleza, ukuba kukho ukufuma okwaneleyo kwiatmosfera ukuze kuphole lo mxube. Xa i-saturation ifikelelwa, umphunga wamanzi uyajiya. Ubumanzi bomxube, oko kukuthi, ukuba bufikelela kwi-saturation, buya kuxhomekeka kwiqondo lobushushu kunye nokufuma komoya, kunye nobungakanani bomphunga wamanzi kunye nobushushu bokukhutshwa kwenqwelomoya.
Zenziwe njani
Ngokuxhomekeke kwisixa somoya kunye negesi egxothiweyo, ukutshintshiselana kweqondo lokushisa, kunye nomxholo womswakama, i-contrails ingaba yi-denser, iqhubekile, kwaye ilungele ukubunjwa kwamafu, okanye ngenye indlela iqala ukutshabalalisa ngokukhawuleza.
Ngokwemvelo, emoyeni, ngakumbi kumanqanaba aphezulu, amanqanaba okufuma kunye Ukuguquguquka komoya kunika indlela yokuyilwa kwamafu e-cirrus okanye i-cirrus, yaye maxa wambi ezi zinokufana ncam neendlela zokujiya ezishiywe yinqwelo-moya okanye naluphi na uhlobo lwenqwelo-moya. Ukuzahlula, kufuneka kuqhutywe uhlalutyo loqwalaselo lwemozulu kwaye kumiselwe kwinqanaba lomoya ezifunyenweyo kwaye yintoni umthombo wazo wokwakheka.
Esinye sezona zixhobo zixhaphakileyo ukuzibona ngokweenkcukacha ngakumbi yimifanekiso yesathelayithi ethathwe emajukujukwini. Uphononongo lwezenzululwazi lufumanise ukuba imiqobo ihlala imizuzwana okanye imizuzu embalwa xa umoya osemoyeni womile, kodwa xa umoya ufumile, iicontrails zingahlala ixesha elide kwaye zande zibe ngamafu abanzi afana ne-cirrus, ngokubanzi iyafana malunga nomthombo wendalo ofanayo
Iicontrails ngokwesiqhelo zinciphisa ubungakanani bemitha yelanga efikelela kumhlaba woMhlaba, ngaloo ndlela inyusa ubungakanani bemitha ye-infrared efunxwa yiatmosfera, kakhulu njengamafu e-cirrus aneempawu ezifanayo.
Iintlobo zeendlela zokujiya
Nje ukuba i-contrail yenziwe, ukuvela kwayo kuxhomekeke kwiimeko ze-atmospheric. Ke sinokubona ezi ntlobo zintathu zokuthintela ezikhankanywe kwipowusta:
- iindlela ezimfutshane: le yimigcana emincinci emhlophe esiyibonayo emva kwenqwelomoya ephela ngokukhawuleza njengoko inqwelomoya idlula. Zenzeka xa isixa somphunga wamanzi esibhakabhakeni sisezantsi, kwaye ke amasuntswana omkhenkce abumba i-wake ngokukhawuleza abuyele kwimeko yawo yegesi.
- Izithintelo ezizingisileyo ezingasasazekiyo: le yimigca emide emhlophe eqhubekayo emva kokuba inqwelomoya idlulile, kodwa ayikhuli okanye isasazeke. Zenzeka xa ukufuma kwe-atmospheric kuphezulu, ngoko ke i-contrails ayiphumi (ngokuchanekileyo, ayifaki i-sublimate), kwaye inokuhlala iiyure.
- Izithintelo eziqhubekayo ezishiyekileyo: njengoko ilifu likhula, imigca iya iba ngqindilili, ibe banzi, yaye imile ngendlela engaqhelekanga. Oku kwenzeka xa ukufuma okusemoyeni kusondele kakhulu kwinqanaba lokujiya, umphunga wamanzi osemoyeni unokujiya ngokulula ube ngamasuntswana omkhenkce emva kokuvuka. Ukuba kukho ukungazinzi kunye nesiphithiphithi, i-trajectory inemilo engaqhelekanga. Le mizila inokushukunyiswa ngumoya.
Contrail Prediction
Ukukhankanywa okokuqala kwee-contrails kususela ekupheleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I, xa iinqwelomoya zazikwazi ukubhabha kwindawo ephakamileyo. Banikwa iimeko zokubunjwa kwabo. Kude kube sekuqaleni kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, zazijongwa nje ngomdla, kodwa ngexesha lemfazwe. I-contrails yaba ngumxholo onomdla kakhulu kuba yayinokukhupha indawo yenqwelomoya. Ngoko ke, kumazwe ahlukeneyo, baqala ukuphanda izizathu kunye neemeko zokubunjwa kwabo. Ngomnyaka we-1953, i-American Appleman yapapasha igrafu eyenza ukuba kube nokwenzeka ukufumanisa ukuba kwaye kwinqanaba elingakanani i-contrails iya kubumba ngolwazi lobushushu obuphezulu kunye neemeko zokufuma.
Izithintelo zinokwenzeka phantsi kwezi meko (ukuba kukho umswakama owaneleyo kwindawo ejikelezileyo) Ngaphezulu kwinqanaba le-400hPa, lihambelana nokuphakama malunga ne-7 km. kwaye ngakumbi nangakumbi ukuba kumanqanaba aphezulu ade aphantse aqiniseke (nokuba yi-0% yokufuma emoyeni) Ngaphezulu malunga ne-280 hPa (amanqaku aphawulwe ngobomvu), oko kukuthi ngaphezu kwe-9 km ukuphakama.
ukuphazamiseka emoyeni
Izinto ezininzi ezenziwa ngabantu zineziphumo eziyingozi emoyeni, kwaye le migca esesibhakabhakeni ingumzekelo omhle. Iigesi eziphuma kwinqwelo-moya zizingcolisi ezonakalisa ngokungqalileyo nangokungangqalanga iatmosfera. Xa igesi engcolisayo idibana nomphunga, amathontsi amanzi kwilifu enza ukuba ibe neasidi kwaye ezo zingcolisi ekugqibeleni zihlala phezulu.
Ukwanda kweenqwelomoya kwiminyaka yakutshanje kuye kwakhokelela ekwandeni kokuthintela, leyo ngokuqinisekileyo ichaphazela inkqubo yendalo yokutshintshwa kwemitha kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kunye nomhlaba, imeko ebangela ukufudumeza okungaqhelekanga okanye ukupholisa koMhlaba. umoya.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nemizila ye-condensation, iimpawu zabo kunye nokwakheka.