Las iimpawu jikelele zenkqunto Zezo zinto zinento ngokwayo kwaye ziyiseti yeempawu okanye iipropathi ezibonakalayo. Yonke into ekhoyo kwiplanethi kwaye sinokuyichukumisa okanye siyiqonde inezona ndawo zi-4 zokudityaniswa, ezi ndawo ziqinile, zilulwelo, zinegesi kunye neplasma. Iingcali zenzululwazi ziye zafunda kwaye ziyaqhubeka nokufunda iipropathi eziqhelekileyo ze-matter ukuze ziqonde ngcono iplanethi kunye nokufumana okuninzi kuyo.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela malunga neempawu eziphambili zemiba kunye nokubaluleka kwazo zonke.
Iipropathi ngokubanzi zemicimbi
Nangona ngokubanzi yenziwe ngezinto ezahlukeneyo zemichiza ngokwemilinganiselo eyahluka-hlukeneyo, i-matter ikhona njengokuba i-homogeneous (izinto zayo azikwazi ukwahlulwa ngeliso lenyama) okanye i-heterogeneous (izinto zayo ziqondwa ngokulula). Kwaye kuxhomekeke ekubunjweni kwayo, iimpawu zayo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali ziya kwahluka.
Ngale ndlela, sinokuthetha ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeepropathi zento:
- Iimpawu zangaphandle okanye jikelele. Ziimpawu ekwabelwana ngazo ngayo yonke into, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ibunjwe njani, imilo, imbonakaliso okanye izakhi. Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo azivumeli into ethile ukuba yahlulwe kwenye. Ezinye iimpawu zangaphandle bubunzima, umthamo, ubunzima kunye nobushushu.
- iipropati zangaphakathi okanye ezithile. Ezi zizo ezibonisa into nganye. Ezi mpawu zinokuba zezomzimba (iipropati into enazo ngaphandle kokutshintsha iimpawu zayo, njengendawo yokubilisa okanye ukuxinana) okanye iikhemikhali (iipropati ezithi zitshintshe ukubunjwa kwento, njenge-oxidation).
Iimpawu zeempawu eziqhelekileyo zenkqunto
Ke, iipropathi ngokubanzi ze-matter zezi:
Ulwandiso
Iiathom ezimbini azinakuze zihlale kwindawo enye ngexesha elinye, ngoko ke izinto zithatha indawo ethile, zinesiqalo nesiphelo esaziwayo. Lo mfanekiso ubizwa ngokuba kukwandiswa: ubungakanani bento, ubungakanani bendawo ekuyo. Esi sithuba okanye umthamo umelwe bubude, ububanzi okanye ubunzulu kunye nokuphakama.
Ukongezwa kulinganiswa kwiiyunithi zomgama, umphezulu okanye umthamo, kuxhomekeke kwinto yokufunda. Kwi-International System, ezi yunithi imitha (m), i-square meter (m2) kunye ne-cubic meter (m3).
Masa
Ubuninzi bezinto bubuninzi bezinto eziqokelelwe kuzo, oko kukuthi, ubungakanani bezinto ezizibandakanyayo. Ubunzima bumiselwa yi-inertia abayibonisayo okanye ukukhawulezisa okubonakaliswa yimikhosi esebenza kubo, kwaye ilinganiswa kwiinkqubo zamazwe ngamazwe kusetyenziswa iiyunithi zobunzima ezifana neegram (g) okanye iikhilogram (kg).
Ubunzima akufanele budideke kunye nobunzima (ubungakanani be-vector, bulinganiswe kwi-Newtons) okanye ubungakanani bento (kulinganiswa kwii-moles).
U bunzima
Ubunzima ngumlinganiselo wamandla omxhuzulane osebenza kwinto ethile. Ilinganiswa ngeeNewtons (N) kwiNkqubo yaMazwe ngaMazwe ngenxa yokuba ingamandla asetyenziswa sisijikelezi-langa kulutho, kwaye sisisimbo sobukhulu esinentsingiselo nolwalathiso. Ubunzima bento buxhomekeke kuphela kubunzima bayo kunye namandla omhlaba womxhuzulane edibana nawo.
Ukolula
Le propati ivumela izinto ukuba zibuyele kwimilo yazo yangaphambili (imemori yokwakheka) emva kokuba iphantsi kwamandla angaphandle okubanyanzela ukuba balahlekelwe yimo yabo (i-elastic deformation). Yipropati eyahlula izinto ezi-elastic ezivela kwizinto ezinqabileyo., oko kukuthi, ezo zibuyisela imilo yazo emva kokususa amandla angaphandle kwezo ziqhekeza zibe ngamaqhekeza amancinci.
Inertia
I-inertia kukuchasana kwento ukuguqula ukuguquguquka kwamasuntswana ayo ebusweni bamandla angaphandle. Xa kungekho mandla angaphandle asebenza kwinto leyo, into inepropathi yokuhlala imile okanye igcina intshukumo ehambelanayo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ze-inertia: inertia yomatshini, exhomekeke kubunzima, kunye ne-thermal inertia, exhomekeke kumandla okushisa kunye ne-thermal conductivity.
Umthamo
Umthamo ngumthamo wescalar obonisa ubungakanani besithuba esine-dimensional ezintathu into ekuyo. Ilinganiselwa kwiicubic metres (m3) kwinkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe kunye Kubalwa ngokuphinda-phinda ubude, ububanzi, nobude bento.
Ubunzima
Ukuqina kukuxhathisa okwenziwa yinto kwiinguqu zomzimba ezifana ukukrwela, ukukrazula okanye ukungena. Oku kuxhomekeke kumandla okubopha amasuntswana ayo. Ngaloo ndlela, izinto ezilukhuni zivame ukungabonakali kwaye zingaguquguquki, ngelixa izinto ezithambileyo zikhubazeka ngokulula.
Ukuxinana
Ubuninzi bubhekisa kubungakanani bemiba ekhoyo kwizinto kunye nomgama phakathi kwamasuntswana ayo. Ngoko ke, ichazwa njengobunzima obahlulwe ngumthamo othathwe ngobunzima. Izinto ezixineneyo azingeneki kwaye azinaporeki kakhulu, ngelixa izinto ezibhityileyo zinokudlula ngokulula kuba kukho izithuba ezivulekileyo phakathi kweeathom.
Iyunithi esemgangathweni yokulinganisa ubuninzi bubunzima ngomthamo okanye ikhilogram nge-cubic meter (kg/m3).
Iipropati ezithe ngqo ngakumbi ze-matter
Ngabo abachaphazela izinto, abawutshintshi umgaqo-siseko wabo. Oko kukuthi, into iyaqhubeka nokugcina iimpawu zayo zangaphambili.
Ukunyibilika
Bubuchule bento ukunyibilika xa ixutywe nolwelo kubushushu obuthile. Umzekelo olula kwaye ocacileyo xa songeza kwaye sisuse i-chocolatelethi engumgubo kwiglasi yobisi ukuze sifumane isiselo esine-homogeneous.
Indawo yokubilisa kunye neqhwa
Utshintsho phakathi kweemeko zolwelo kunye negesi lwenzeka xa ubushushu boxinzelelo lomphunga lolwelo ilingana noxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric kuloo ndawo.
Xa ulwelo luba ngumkhenkce ngenxa yokuncipha kwamandla. Liqondo lobushushu apho uxinzelelo lomphunga wolwelo kunye nesiqina zilingana okanye ngokulingana okuguquguqukayo.
umbane kunye ne-thermal conductivity
Kubizwa ngokuba bubuxhakaxhaka obuxhathisayo bezinto ukunika indlela yombane. Ezona zixhobo zombane zombane zizinyithi kuba zinika ukuxhathisa okuncinci ekuhambeni kweentlawulo.
I-Thermal conductivity ifana nendawo yangaphambili, kodwa inento yokwenza nobushushu. Kubizwa ngokuba kukukwazi kwento ukumelana nobushushu. Ezinye izinto zifudumeza ngokukhawuleza kwaye zigqithise ubushushu kwezinye izinto. Izixhobo ezihambisa umbane kakuhle zihlala ziqhuba ubushushu, kodwa sinokukhankanya iinkuni, iphepha, isikhokho, njl.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neempawu eziqhelekileyo zemiba kunye neempawu zayo.