Imilambo ineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokumila ecaleni kwendlela yayo. Omnye wabo ngu i-mender. Yigophe lomlambo owenziwe ngexesha lokuhamba kwe-tributaries ngenxa yenhlanhla yombane oqhubayo. Eyona migxobhozo yemilambo ichongwa njengeejikajika kwaye inexesha elilinganiselweyo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into omele uyazi malunga ne-meander, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubunjwa kwayo.
Iimpawu eziphambili
IiMeanders zisetyenziselwa ukubonakalisa iintlobo ezithile zemilambo ngokusekelwe kuyilo lwayo. Zintathu iindidi zeentlupheko: eziphothiweyo, ezithe tye, kunye negophe okanye inyoka. Emilanjeni equkuqela entilini; I-meaders idla ngokuba lula ukwenza xa ithambeka lincinci.
Intlenga idla ngokufakwa kwiqhuma ngendlela egoso-goso emva koko isuke apho iye elunxwemeni. Kwiindawo zokuhlala ukhukuliseko luyongamela, kwaye kucacile ukuba udonga luhlehla njani ngenxa ye-centrifugal force. Xa ukuhambela phambili kodonga kwindawo yeconvex kudityaniswe nokurhoxa kwendawo yeconcave, indlela yomlambo iqalisa ukufuduka kwaye i-menders iyenzeka.
Kulula ukuchonga okanye ukwahlula kwezinye iintlobo zemilambo, kuba uphawu lwayo oluphambili igophe elijikajikayo elicace gca elunxwemeni lomlambo. Ngamanye amaxesha bathiywa ngegama lengingqi yemvelaphi yabo. Zibizwa ngokuba zii-galachos kumlambo i-Ebro yaseAragon, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba ngumgxobhozo ngakuMlambo iMississippi eUnited States.
Xa i-mendering flow yenza igophe elikhulu kakhulu, kunokubangela ukuguquka komlambo. Zihlala zishukuma kwiindawo ezithile, njengamathafa, ngoko ke ziyakwazi ukwenza into ebizwa ngokuba yichibi elimile njenge-mender kwindawo ethile. Inkqubo yokujija yomlambo ngamnye yahlukile kuba ixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwawo, isantya samanzi kunye nezinto eziwenza.
Indlela eyakhiwe ngayo i-mender
Amanzi emlanjeni ahlala ehamba kwicala elinye, elichongwa kukuthambeka kwendawo ehamba kuyo, nangona ngamanye amaxesha ubuso bubonakala buthe tyaba.
Ukuyivavanya, unokwenza umfuniselo olula. Faka amanzi kumbhobho, kunokubonwa ukuba isantya sokuzaliswa kwamanzi sanda okanye siyancipha; isantya sixhomekeke ekuthambekeni kombhobho.
Kukwanjalo nakwibhedi yomlambo. Amanzi ahamba kumjelo; okukhona umnqantsa umhlaba, kokukhona sikhulu isantya sokuqukuqela kwamanzi kwaye ngoko kokukhona mkhulu amandla kuwo. Ngala mandla akhukulisa umhlaba, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umjelo womlambo wenze igophe.
Njengoko umlambo uhamba phezu kwe-porous, umphezulu we-permeable, imiphetho yendlela yendalo apho umlambo uqhubeka uhamba khona. Njengoko iguga ifumana uphawu lwemilo econcave, eyenza igophe.
Ngokutsho kweengcali zokwakheka komhlaba, inkqubo yokujikeleza yenzeka ngamanyathelo amathathu: umhlwa, ukhukuliseko kunye nokuguga. Okokuqala, amandla okukhawuleza kwamanzi okanye uxinzelelo lwamanzi ludla umlambo kwaye luthwala umhlaba, amatye kunye namatye.
Ngoko le nto ishukunyiswa ngamandla amanzi inceda ukukhukulisa ibhedi yomlambo. Ekugqibeleni, amasuntswana ezinto ezahluliweyo nezingqubanayo ziyangqubana; oku kubangela ukuguga, okwandisa amandla atshabalalisa iziseko zomlambo womlambo.
Ngendlela efanayo ukuba ukhukuliseko lwangaphandle lwenze igophe, intlenga nayo iqokelelana kwelinye icala lebhanki, yenze i-convex okanye icala elingaphakathi legophe. Imijelo ye-Fluvial yenziwa ngokubanzi kumbindi nasezantsi wemilambo; kunqabile ukuba zenzeke kumthombo. Oku kungenxa yokuba ikwindawo esezantsi okanye embindini womlambo apho umsinga uzisa uxinzelelo namandla amakhulu. I-Meanders inokutshintsha indawo kwaye itshintshe nendlela yomlambo.
Iintlobo zeMeander
Kukho ukujija okucacileyo kunye nezinye iijiji ezincinci; oku kungenxa yamandla e-centrifugal yamanzi njengoko edlula kwigophe. Ubungakanani bomlambo nawo bunempembelelo: ngokukhona umlambo umkhulu, kokukhona kubonakala ukujija kunye nokujika.
Amandla amanzi nawo anokwehliswa. Kule meko, ijika lizalisa iidiphozithi kude kube ngoku kuyeka ukuhamba ngecandelo kwaye i-zigzag iyanyamalala. Kufakwe endaweni yayo "lichibi elimile njenge-meander," eli gama lilungisiweyo eliqhelekileyo. Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zee-menders:
I-mender elungisiweyo
Luhlobo lomonakalo onzulu kwilitye lomlambo. Xa ukukhululeka kokujikeleza kolwandle ngoku kunyuka ngenxa yentshukumo ye-tectonic, indlela yamanzi ejikelezayo iphinda iqalise inkqubo yayo yokuthoba. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yi-rejuvenation.
Iintlambo ezinamajiko-jiko zifana neentlambo ezibumba uMlambo iColorado kwiGrand Canyon yaseUnited States. Xa umphakamo wolwandle usihla, ithontsi lamanzi linokwenza i-mender edibeneyo. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-menders ezizinzisiweyo:
I-Meander yandiswa
Yintshukumo esecaleni, elinganiselwe kakhulu ngenxa ukuncipha kwinqanaba lesiseko kunye nokuncipha kwesantya sokuhamba kwamanzi. Inothambeka lwentlenga kwindawo ephuma ebhankini kunye nolunye ukhukuliseko oluphuma kulo.
Valley meander
Yi-meander efakwe ngokuchanekileyo kuba ayibangeli intshukumo ebalulekileyo yecala. Wenziwa kukuqukuqela kwamanzi adada kwithafa eliphantse libe sithabazi elinoxinzelelo olumbalwa. Njengoko isihla inqanaba elisisiseko lamanzi omlambo, imisinga eziphithizelayo idala imisintsi enzulu emhlabeni.
Ukuzulazula kubhadula
Yi-meander yasimahla, ixhaphake kakhulu kumathafa e-alluvial anamathambeka ambalwa okanye intlenga engadityaniswanga. Oku kuvumela ukuba ijika liguquke ngokuhamba kwexesha; kuthathwa njengolunye uhlobo lwe-zigzag.
Ilahliwe
Yenziwa xa i-mender edibeneyo isikwa ukwenza ichibi elimile okwezihlangu zehashe. Umhlaba uphela waziwa ngeli gama. Umzekelo yiLake Powell ekumzantsi-ntshona weUnited States, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi "El Rincón." La machibi amile okwezihlangu zamahashe aqala xa i-meaders yaba nkulu yaza yaqalisa ukuwela nokuwelana. Ummandla womlambo awunawo umsinga wamanzi osebenzayo; Ekuhambeni kwexesha, le milambo ishiywe yodwa iyoma ize izaliswe yintlenga.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni i-meander kunye neempawu zayo.