Idemokhrasi yayisisithandi sobulumko esingumGrike esasiphila malunga nenkulungwane yesi-XNUMX BC. Wazalelwa eAbdera, isixeko esikunxweme lweAegean kwindawo ngoku ebizwa ngokuba yiGrisi. Wayeyingcali yezibalo kunye nesithandi sobulumko owathi, kunye noLeucippus waseMiletus, wenza igalelo elikhulu kwisayensi yanamhlanje ngethiyori yeathom.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga nokushukunyiswa, i-biography yakhe kunye nezenzo zakhe.
I-Biography
UDemocritus wayephuma kwintsapho efumileyo yaye wafumana imfundo efanelekileyo kwizibalo, umculo, imibongo nentanda-bulumko. Uthathwa njengenye yezandulela zengcinga yenzululwazi kunye nefilosofi yendalo. Ithiyori yakhe ephambili yayisekelwe kwingcamango yokuba yonke into ekuyo Ummandla wendalo wawuyilwe ngamasuntswana amancinane kakhulu abizwa ngokuba ziiathom. Wayekholelwa ukuba ezi athom zazingunaphakade, azinakwahlulwa yaye azibonakali.
UDemocritus wayemncinci kunoProtagoras, umntu odumileyo owayekhe wathetha naye, kwaye ngokwemithombo enegunya, uDemocritus wafa malunga nekhulu leminyaka. Kuyabonakala ukuba wenza ukhenketho olubanzi lokufunda eYiputa naseAsia. Nangona kunjalo, asazi nto ngaye, okanye malunga nobudlelwane bakhe nabalandeli bakaPythagoras, indawo yase-Athene kunye nodokotela uHippocrates, ekubeni imithombo yamandulo isixelela kuphela ngeDemocritus. Ngokungafaniyo noHeraclitus, isithethe simpeyinta njengesithandi sobulumko esihlekisa ngobuyatha bomntu.
Kwakhona uDemocritus wayikhusela ingcamango yokuba indalo iphela yayisoloko itshintsha yaye yonke into yayihamba. Wayekholelwa ukuba ulwazi lufumaneka ngokuqwalasela namava yaye inyaniso yayilinganiselwe.
Nangona igalelo lakhe elikhulu kwingcamango yefilosofi, UDemocritus akazange abe nokuqatshelwa okuninzi ngexesha lakhe njengezinye iifilosofi ezinjengoPlato okanye uAristotle.. Nangona kunjalo, ilifa lakhe liye laqatshelwa kwimbali yefilosofi nakwisayensi yanamhlanje.
Imodeli yeathomu kaDemocritus
Imodeli yeathom ngoyena ummeli walo sosayensi. Ezi ziziseko zemodeli yeathom yeDemocritus:
- Iiathom azihlukaniseki ngokwasemzimbeni.
- Kukho isithuba esingenanto phakathi kweathom nganye.
- Iiathom azinakonakala.
- Iiathom zihlala zihamba.
- Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeeathom.
Ngenxa yala mabango, Izithandi zobulumko zikholelwa ukuba ukomelela kwento kuxhomekeke kwiintlobo zeeathom eziyenzayo kunye namaqhina phakathi kwezo athom. Ngoko bacinga ukuba iiathom ezisemanzini zahlukile kwezo zisematyeni, umzekelo.
Ukuchaza imodeli yakhe, i-Democritus iqhekeza ilitye, oku kuthetha ukuba ukuba uyinqumle kwisiqingatha, uya kufumana amatye amabini afanayo, kwaye ukuba uqhubeka ephindaphinda lo msebenzi, uya kufumana ilitye elahlukileyo ngaphakathi kwelitye ukuya kwindawo apho. Ingaphinda idibane. Le yunithi yaziwa njenge athom. Ingabonwa ukuba imodeli ingoomatshini ngokupheleleyo kwaye iqwalasela kuphela iqhina phakathi kweathom.
Nangona kunjalo, imodeli yayipholile ngelo xesha, kwaye kwathatha iminyaka engama-2200 ukuba imodeli elandelayo yeathom ihambelane noluntu lwenzululwazi. I-Democritus ithathwa njengoyise we-athomu, kwaye nangona iyimodeli yakudala kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nento esiyaziyo ngoku, isondele ngokumangalisayo kwigalelo lemodeli esikholelwa ukuba ichanekile ngoku.
Le modeli inomdla ngakumbi ukuba sicinga ukuba ivela kwiintanda-bulumko ezingakwaziyo ukwenza umfuniselo njengezazinzulu zanamhlanje. Le ngcamango yathatyathwa emva kwexesha elide.
ithiyori yeathom
UDemocritus kunye notitshala wakhe uLeucippus babengabadali bale ngcamango. Eli qela lezithandi zobulumko zamaGrike laseka isikolo sentanda-bulumko esasibizwa ngokuba yiatomism, esasisithi yonke into ebunjwe zizinto ezimbini, iiathom nobuze. Nangona le modeli iyintanda-bulumko ngokupheleleyo kwaye ayinasiseko kwifiziksi, luqikelelo oluhle kakhulu. Ukujonga izinto ezahlukeneyo, iiathom zikholelwa ukuba kukho iindidi ngeendidi zeeathom ezinezithuba eziguquguqukayo phakathi kwazo. Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zeeathom zineentlobo ezahlukeneyo zeemilo.
Enye ithisisi esembindini ye-atom yeyokuba iiathom azinakwahlulwa ngokwasemzimbeni, nangona ziyahlukana ngokwejometri. Ngapha koko, iiathom azinakonakala kwaye zihlala zihamba. Nangona i-Democritus kunye ne-atomism yamkelwa ngexesha lakhe, kwakukho izithandi zobulumko ezidumileyo ezazingavumelani neengxoxo zakhe.
Iingxabano kunye noPlato
UPlato usenokuba wayeneengxabano zobuqu kunye noDemocritus, njengoko wayefuna ukuba yonke imibhalo yakhe isuswe, kungakhathaliseki iingxoxo zefilosofi ezichasene naye. Kunoko, umfundi kaPlato, UAristotle, nangona wayengavumelani nemibhalo kaDemocritus, wayesazi ukuba inokubakho. UAristotle wathi izinto ezisisiseko zomhlaba, umlilo, umoya namanzi azizange zenziwe ngeeathom. Nangona iingxoxo zakhe zazichasene ngokuthe ngqo ne-atomism kaDemocritus, kubandakanywa nabo kwincwadi yakhe ibonisa ukuba izazi zefilosofi zamaGrike zazithatha i-atomism ngokubaluleke kakhulu.
Kamva, ezinye izithandi zobulumko, ezinjengoEpicurus nomfundi wakhe uLucretius, zabuyela kwiatom, kodwa notshintsho oluthile. UDemocritus wayeneminyaka engama-90 ubudala kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba wasweleka malunga ne-370 BC. Nangona abanye ababhali-mbali bengavumelani kwaye bathi waphila de kwaba 104 okanye 109 BC. Kungakhathaliseki umhla wokufa kwakhe, uDemocritus wayethandwa zizazinzulu zayo yonke imivumbo ngenkulungwane ye-XNUMX neye-XNUMX, ezathi zachukunyiswa kukufana okukhoyo phakathi kwemisinga yakhe yentanda-bulumko kunye nezinto zokuqala ezafunyanwayo kunye neethiyori zeathom.
Imisebenzi yeDemocritus
Imisebenzi kaDemocritus ayifane ihlangulwe kwaye kunzima ukwazi ukuba yeyiphi inxalenye yeatom ehambelana naye kwaye yintoni eyadalwa ngumfundisi wakhe uLeucippus waseMiletus, kwimibhalo emininzi kubhekiselwa kubo njengabadali bethiyori. Nangona kunjalo, iintanda-bulumko ezibalulekileyo zelo xesha ezinjengoPlato okanye uAristotle zikhankanya ikakhulu iDemocritus. Nangona kungekho lwazi luninzi, kuyafaneleka ukuthetha ukuba kwakukho enye yangoku kwii-athomu kumaxesha amandulo, eIndiya, isikolo seVaisha yefilosofi kunye neJainism yayinombono we-athomu efana neDemocritus.
Njengoko ubona, namhlanje sinolwazi olukhulu malunga neeathom ngenxa yetekhnoloji kunye nenkqubela phambili yesayensi. Nangona kunjalo, kuyamangalisa ukuba uDemocritus wayenombono onjalo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-2.000 eyadlulayo. Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga ne-biography ye-Democritus kunye nokuba yintoni imisebenzi yakhe.