Homo sapiens yenye yeendidi ze-genus Homo. Nangona kukho amagama ahlukeneyo asetyenziswa kakhulu okanye ngaphantsi, abantu banamhlanje bajongwa njengokuwela kolu didi. Ezinye iingcali zahlulahlula iiHomo sapiens, iiHomo sapiens, neeHomo sapiens. Nangona owokuqala kubo, oqondwa njengoyena khokho usondeleyo ebantwini, wamkelwa ngokubanzi njengegama lenzululwazi, abanye abantu abahluleli phakathi kwezi zibini zilandelayo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke into ekufuneka uyazi malunga Homo sapiens, iimpawu zayo, imvelaphi kunye nendaleko.
Imvelaphi yeHomo sapiens
Le ndoda yamandulo yavela e-Afrika embindini wePaleolithic. Yafuduka kweli lizwekazi yaya eYurophu, kuMbindi Mpuma naseAsia, yada yaba yeyona ntlobo ibalaseleyo xa kuthelekiswa nezinye iintlobo. Kule minyaka yangoku, Ubalo-maxesha lutshintshe kakhulu, kuba ezinye iifosili ezindala kunoko bezilindelwe ziye zafunyanwa.
IHomo sapiens inethambo kunye nesakhiwo sobuchopho esifanayo nabantu banamhlanje. Enye yeempawu zayo ezibalaseleyo kukuba inobukrelekrele obukhulu kunye nokukwazi ukwenza izixhobo ezinzima ngakumbi. Isicatshulwa esiya kwi-Neolithic samthatha ukuba azinikezele kwezolimo kunye nokwenza uluntu olunzima.
IHomo sapiens yeyona nto iphilayo yohlobo lwayo. Abanye abantu abaninzi ababevela kumaxesha angaphambi kwembali ekugqibeleni babhanga. Kunokuthiwa iHomo sapiens sisiphelo senkqubo ende yendaleko. Iingcali zikholelwa ukuba owona mahluko uphambili phakathi kweHomo sapiens kunye nezinye iintlanga awukho ngokwasenyameni kunomoya. Ukukhula kwengqondo kunye namandla okuzibamba kunye nokuzazi kwahlula abantu kwizinyanya zabo.
Eyona ngqikelelo yamkelwe ngokubanzi yileyo IiHomo sapiens zavela kuMbindi wePaleolithic Afrika. Ukufika kwale ndoda yamandulo akuzange kwenzeke ngendlela elandelelanayo, kodwa kwiminyaka engama-600.000 eyadlulayo, ookhokho babo bahlukana, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba kuzalwe iiNeanderthals kwelinye icala neHomo sapiens kwelinye.
Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukuba neefosili zeHomo sapiens kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo kuthetha ukuba ubudala bohlobo kufuneka buqwalaselwe kwakhona. Xa iintsalela zikaJebel Irhoud zafunyanwa eMorocco, ukuthandana kwabo kothusa izazinzulu.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Owona mzekelo mdala weHomo sapiens ufunyenwe uneempawu ezithile ezifanayo nezo zandulelayo. Eyokuqala yindlela yokuma kweenyawo eziboniswe nguHomo erectus.
Ngokubhekiselele kukhakhayi, luye lwenziwa inguquko, ngakumbi malunga nomthamo wecranial. Ukongezelela, ubukhulu bomhlathi kunye nobunzima bemisipha buyancipha. Ekugqibeleni, inxalenye ephumayo yesokisi yamehlo yanyamalala ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokumalunga nesakhiwo somzimba jikelele, umndilili wobude bebhetshi yokuqala yeHomo sapiens Yayiziimitha ezi-1,60 (ibhinqa) kunye ne-1,70 yeemitha (indoda). Ngokuxhomekeke kwisondo, ubunzima buphakathi kwe-60 kunye ne-70 kg. Ngokophando, iHomo sapiens yokuqala yayinesikhumba esimnyama. Mhlawumbi ngenxa yokuba iye yaziqhelanisa nemozulu enelanga ye-savanna yaseAfrika. Imibala yesikhumba emnyama inokukhusela ngakumbi kwimiphumo yemitha ye-UV.
Xa abantu bokuqala bafudukela kwezinye iindawo, ukwahluka kombala wolusu kwenzeka kamva. Ngokunjalo, ukuziqhelanisa nendawo entsha yokuhlala nganye kukhokelela kutshintsho olwandisa amathuba okuphila.
Kumele ukuba kwenzeka into efanayo kwiinwele zentloko. Olunye uboya bomzimba obushiywe zezinye izinyanya ngokuthe ngcembe buthi shwaka. IiHomo sapiens zinebunzi elibanzi kunabantu bamandulo. Isizathu sibonakala kukunyuka komthamo we-cranial.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-skull yonke iguqulwa ngexesha lokuvela kweentlobo. Ukongeza kubukhulu, umhlathi ufutshane kwaye amazinyo abe mancinci. Oku kubangela ukumila kwesilevu esicacileyo nesingqukuva. Ngelo xesha, amehlo agxininise ngakumbi ebusweni kwaye amashiya alahlekelwa ubuninzi babo kunye nomthamo. Kukho amathambo ajikeleze iziseko zamehlo kwaye umbono uphuculwe.
IHomo sapiens ineenyawo ezisicaba ezineenzwane ezintlanu. Ezi zilahlekelwe ukukwazi ukusetyenziselwa ukunyuka kwaye, njengesandla, isithupha sichasene. Kwangaxeshanye, iinzipho ziba tyaba, hayi iinzipho. Ekugqibeleni, uphuhliso olukhulu lwamagxa kunye ne-elbow joints lugxininiswe.
Ukukwazi ukuhamba ngemilenze yomibini, ngaphandle kwesidingo sokwayama ezandleni, wanika iHomo sapiens inzuzo enkulu yokuzivelela. Ndiyabulela kule nto, unokubamba izinto ngezandla zakho simahla okanye uzikhusele. Inkqubo yokugaya iyatshintsha ukuze ivumelane neenguqu zokutya. Eyona nto iphambili, ukusetyenziswa komlilo ukupheka ukutya, sele iqalile ukusetyenziswa kwiHomo erectus.
Homo sapiens ukutya
Uphononongo lwakutsha nje lugqibe kwelokuba ukutya kweHomo sapiens kwahluke kakhulu kunokuba bekucingelwa ngaphambili. Ngokufanayo, isayensi iye yagqiba ekubeni ukujonga imeko-bume yendalo kubaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni ukutya kwakho kunokujonga i-anatomy yomntu.
Kuze kube kutshanje, lonke uphando lokutya lujolise kubukhulu kunye nokumila kwamazinyo, kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kunye nezixhobo ezifunyenweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlobo olutsha lokuhlalutya olusekelwe kwiinyosi lwamazinyo luye lwaphuhliswa, kwaye olunye lusebenzisa i-isotopes ezinokubonelela ngolwazi oluvela kwiintsalela zezinyo. Ezi isotopes zinokunika idatha kwimifuno kunye namantongomane adliwe ngaba bantu bokuqala.
Ukususela ekupheleni kwePaleolithic, ukuzingela kuye kwaba yenye yezona zinto ziphambili zoluntu lwabantu bokuqala. Xa kuthelekiswa nabanye ookhokho bayo, ngakumbi abaxhwili, ukuzingela kubonelela ngamaqhekeza amakhulu kwaye angcono.
Igalelo leeprotheyini zemvelaphi yezilwanyana liyimfuneko ekuphuculeni ingqondo yomntu. IiHomo sapiens kufuneka ziqhelane nokutshintsha kwemozulu ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwaye kufuneka zifumane ixhoba elitsha kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kuzo. Ngokomzekelo, eNtshona Yurophu, amaqela amaninzi axhomekeke ekubanjweni kweenyamakazi njengesiseko sokusinda, ngoxa eRashiya kufuneka ajamelane nezilwanyana ezinkulu.
Kweminye imimandla enonxweme nemilambo, abantu bamandulo bakhawuleza bazifumanisa iingenelo zeentlanzi, ngoko bavelisa iindlela zokuloba. Benza okufanayo nge-mollusks, kwaye iqokobhe le-mollusk lisetyenziswe njengesixhobo.
Enye yeengxaki ezafunyanwa ziiHomo sapiens zokuqala yayikukuba amahlathi azo aqalisa ukushwabana ngenxa yemvula encinane. Inani leekopi landile kwaye izibonelelo azanelanga ukuxhasa zonke iikopi. Esi sesinye sezizathu zokuba bafudukele kweminye imimandla.
Ukakayi kunye nendaleko
Iingcali zenzululwazi zisebenzisa umthamo wokakayi ukulinganisa umthamo wangaphakathi wokakayi. Ilinganiswa nge-cubic centimeters kwaye iye yaba sisalathisi sobulumko besilwanyana ngasinye.
I-Homo sapiens iqhubekile nokunyuka kwevolumu ye-cranial ukuba abanye ookhokho babo baqala. Ngokukodwa, ubungakanani yafikelela kwi-1.600 cubic centimeters, ngokufanayo naleyo yabantu banamhlanje.
Ngenxa yolu phuhliso, iHomo sapiens inomgangatho ophezulu wobukrelekrele kunye nokuqiqa kuneentlobo ezindala. Ngoko ke, wasuka kwiingcamango ezintsonkothileyo waya kutsho kulwimi, ukongezelela ekuphuculeni inkumbulo nobuchule bakhe bokufunda. Ekugqibeleni, ingqondo yakho ikubonelela ngezixhobo ezisisiseko zokuziqhelanisa kwaye uphile kuzo zonke iindawo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neHomo sapiens kunye neempawu zayo.