Siyazi ukuba umdla womntu wokulawula yonke into ukhokelele ekufumaneni ukuqhubela phambili kwezobuchwepheshe. Enye yeengxaki ezinkulu ezijongene nomntu kule nkulungwane yingxaki yamandla. Oku kuthetha ukuba yonke imiba eyimfuneko kufuneka iphuhliswe ukuze kuqhutywe udibaniso lwenyukliya. I china ilanga eyenziweyo isondele ekuphumezeni indibaniselwano yenyukliya kunye nokuphelisa iingxaki zobunzima bamandla.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela ukuba yintoni ilanga lokufakelwa e-China, ziphi iimpawu zalo kunye nokuba kubaluleke kangakanani kwi-paradigm yamandla ehlabathi.
Yintoni ilanga eyenziweyo China
Balibiza ngokuba lilanga elenziwayo ngenxa yokuba lisebenzisa umthombo wamandla ofanayo nakweyona nkwenkwezi ikufutshane nathi. Yenye yezona nkqubela zithembisayo kwisayensi, enegama lobuchwephesha elibizwa ngokuba yi-fusion: umthombo wamandla okufutshane-ococekileyo lowo amagunya amakhulu ebewuleqa amashumi eminyaka. Kangangokuba kwiminyaka engamashumi amahlanu eyadlulayo kwakusithiwa kushiyeke amashumi amahlanu kuphela...
Noko ke, kubonakala ngathi siyasondela. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuba iTshayina isandula ukwaphula irekhodi yeyona ndlela inde yokusabela kwinyukliya: 120 million degrees celcius imizuzwana 101.
Okokuqala, siza kuqhubekeka sichaze ukuba yintoni kanye kanye inyukliya fusion. Amaziko ombane aqhelekileyo enyukliya asebenza ngokukhulula amandla kwi-fission. Oko kukuthi, "yaphula" iathom. Ngoko ke, iuranium etyetyisiweyo eqhunyiselwa ngeeneutron isetyenziselwa ukuqalisa intshukumo yetsheyina lenyukliya.
Le mizi-mveliso ibisebenza ngaphezu kwesiqingatha senkulungwane. Ngqo, Iziko lokuqala eliqhagamshelwe kwigridi yamandla enyukliya lagqitywa eSoviet Union ngo-1954. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko uthotho lweentlekele zenyukliya zaseChernobyl zibonisa, azikho mngcipheko.
Kwelinye icala, sinokusabela okungalawulekiyo kwekhonkco. Nangona iziphumo zaziyintlekele, iziganeko ezinjalo aziqhelekanga kakhulu. Eyona ngxaki ngoqhekeko lwenyukliya yinkunkuma eyivelisayo, enokuhlala iyingozi ngokutshisa ngemitha amakhulu eminyaka.
Ngokuchasene noko, ukuxubana kwenyukliya okanye ilanga elenziweyo nikeza ukukwazi ukuvelisa amandla ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kwenkunkuma encinci. Ndiyabulela kwi-carbon footprint yayo ephantsi, inokuba sisixhobo esinamandla ekulweni nokutshintsha kwemozulu.
Indlela ukudibanisa inyukliya kufezekiswa ngayo
Ifikelelwa njani? Ngokusisiseko, idibanisa ii-nuclei ezimbini ezikhanyayo zibe yi-nucleus enye enzima, ziphantsi koxinzelelo olukhulu kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. Ukusabela kwakhona kukhupha amandla ngenxa yokuba ii-nuclei ezibangelwayo zingaphantsi kwee-nuclei ezimbini zokuqala zodwa.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, i-fuel esetyenziselwa ukudala ilanga lokwenziwa isekelwe kwi-deuterium kunye ne-tritium isotopes. I-Deuterium inokukhutshwa kumanzi olwandle, ngelixa i-tritium inokukhutshwa kwi-lithium.. Zombini iziqalelo zininzi ngobuninzi obupheleleyo, phantse azinasiphelo xa zithelekiswa neuranium. Ngokomzekelo, i-deuterium kwilitha enye yamanzi olwandle inokuvelisa amandla alingana namakhulu amathathu eelitha zeoli.
Ukuqonda amandla akhutshwe ngexesha lokuxutywa, kwanele ukuba uthathele ingqalelo ukuba iigram ezimbalwa zepetroli zinokuvelisa i-terajoules: ngokwaneleyo ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamandla zomntu kwilizwe eliphuhlileyo iminyaka emithandathu.
Iimpendulo ze-fusion nazo zivelisa inkunkuma. Uninzi lwayo yihelium, igesi engasebenziyo. Nangona kunjalo, imilinganiselo emincinci yenkunkuma ye-radioactive ephuma kwi-tritium nayo iyaveliswa.
Ngethamsanqa, zibola ixesha elide ngaphambi kohlobo lwazo lwe-fission. Ngokukodwa, zinokuphinda zisetyenziswe okanye zisetyenziswe kwakhona kwisithuba esingaphantsi kwekhulu leminyaka. Kwelinye icala, i-neutron flux eyenzeka ngexesha lokudibanisa ichaphazela izinto ezingqongileyo, ezithi ngokuthe ngcembe zibe ne-radioactive ngaphandle kokhuseleko. Ngoko ke, ukukhuselwa kwesakhiwo sereactor kuya kuba ngomnye umba obalulekileyo.
Lisebenza njani ilanga lokwenziwa laseTshayina
Kulungile, ngoku sinamafutha ethu e-tritium kunye ne-deuterium, kunye nemigaqo esisiseko yokusebenza. Kodwa le nkqubo isebenza njani kanye? Apha, ke, qala imigibe xa usuka kwithiyori ukuya kwiprakthiza.
Njengoko sasilindele, kwakuyimfuneko ukufaka uxinzelelo kunye namaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu. Kwanele ukujika amafutha abe yiplasma eshushu kakhulu. Iiathom kufuneka zingqubane kubushushu obuzizigidi ezili-100 ubuncinane, ngoxinzelelo olwaneleyo lokuzisondeza kangangokuba umtsalane wenyukliya woyise ukugxothwa kombane.
Ukuseka ukuhambelana okurhabaxa kufana nokoyisa ukuchaswa kweemagnethi ezimbini zepolarity enye de ukwazi ukuzincamathelisa. Ukufezekisa ezi meko zinzima, imimandla yamagnetic kunye nemiqadi yelaser enamandla isetyenziselwa ukugxila kumafutha. Nje ukuba imeko ye-hyperhot plasma ifikelelwe, i-fuel kufuneka iqhubeke isongezwa ngelixa uzama ukulawula ukukhutshwa kobushushu obuphezulu ngaphandle kokutshabalalisa i-reactor.
Kanjalo, akukho nto ehlabathini enokumelana ne-100 lezigidi zeedegrees ngokukaCelsius ngaphandle kokunyibilika ngoko nangoko. Kulapho ukuvalelwa kwiplasma kungena kudlala, kwaye oku kuphunyezwa ngeendidi ezahlukeneyo zereactor.
Inkqubela phambili yamva nje kumxube wenyukliya
Njengoko besilindele ekuqaleni, olunye uphuhliso lwamva nje kumxube wenyukliya luquka iTshayina. NgoMeyi ka-2021, abaphandi kwiSouthwest Institute of Physics (SWIP) e-Chengdu, e-China babhengeze ukuba i-reactor yabo ye-HL-2M yaphule zonke iirekhodi zovavanyo lwe-nyukliya fusion.
Nangona iyinkqubo entsonkothileyo, owona mceli mngeni mkhulu ayikokudityaniswa ngokwako, njengoko kuye kwaphunyezwa kwii-reactors ezininzi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. Owona mceli mngeni kukuwugcina ekuhambeni kwexesha: bambalwa abantu abakwaziyo ukwenza ngaphezulu kwemizuzwana embalwa.
Kulapho izazinzulu zeSWIP zafumana khona imbasa yazo: zafikelela kubushushu obuzizigidi ezingama-150 ngokukaCelsius ngemizuzwana eyi-101. Irekhodi yangaphambili ibanjwe nguMzantsi Korea ngemizuzwana engama-20.
Le reactor efana ne tokamak ibhengezwa “njengelanga elenziweyo,” kodwa eneneni ishushu ngokuphindwe kalishumi kunombindi welanga. Onke amehlo ngoku akubhejo olukhulu lwamazwe ngamazwe ukuza kuthi ga ngoku: ITER. Le projekthi enkulu ukuba ibandakanya amazwe angama-35 asandula ukugqiba isigaba sokuqala sokwakha. Ukuba konke kuhamba kakuhle, i-reactor yokugqibela iya kukwazi ukuvelisa i-500 megawatts yombane malunga ne-2035.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokwazi ngakumbi malunga ne-solo eyenziweyo evela e-China kunye neempawu zayo.