Utshintsho lwemozulu luneziphumo ezibi kwiplanethi yethu. Iziphumo zalo ziyanda kokubini rhoqo kunye nokuqina ngenxa ukwanda kwempembelelo yegreenhouse.
Kwimbali yoMhlaba kubekho iinguqu ezininzi zemozulu, nangona kunjalo, oku kuveliswa ngumntu yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu. Owona nobangela wayo kukukhutshwa kweegreenhouse gases ezikhutshelwa kwiatmosferi yimizi-mveliso, ezolimo, imisebenzi yezothutho, njl. Nangona kunjalo, utshintsho lwemozulu ayichaphazeli onke amazwe ngokulinganayo kuba isebenza ngokuxhomekeke kwiimpawu zezinto eziphilayo kunye namandla okugcina ubushushu kwigesi nganye yendlu eluhlaza. Ngaba uyafuna ukwazi ngakumbi ngayo?
Izinto ezichaphazela imozulu
Njengoko sisazi, iflu greenhouse yendalo kwaye iyimfuneko ngokupheleleyo ebomini kwiplanethi yethu. Yinkqubo elungelelanisiweyo yokudlulisa kunye nokuguqula amandla kumoya ojikeleze umhlaba, umphezulu womhlaba nolwandle. Ngombulelo kwisiphumo sokushisa, imeko yemozulu yoMhlaba ihlala izinzile kwaye ineqondo lobushushu eliphakathi elenza ukuba kuhlaleke. Oluzinzo lwenzeka ngenxa yokuba amandla afunyanwa nguMhlaba ilingana naleyo uyinikayo. Oku kubangela ukulinganisela kwamandla okulinganisela.
Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yabantu kunye nemisebenzi yethu ekhupha ii-greenhouse gases kwiatmosfera, lo mlinganiso wamandla uye ungalingani. Xa amandla ewonke agciniweyo emakhulu, kufudumeza kwaye xa yenye indlela ejikelezileyo, ukupholisa. Kwimeko yethu, sinokucinga ngokulula ukuba inani lamandla agcinwe nguMhlaba likhulu kakhulu kunelo likhutshwe yi-greenhouse emissions egcina ubushushu emoyeni.
Uxinzelelo lweegesi zegreenhouse zonyukile emoyeni ukusukela ngo-1750 ngokuqala kwenguquko kwimizi-mveliso. Ngelo xesha ke ukutshiswa kwezibaso ezifana namalahle neoyile kwaqala ukondla iinjini zomlilo zamashishini kunye nezothutho. Ezi zinto zingalawulwayo zikhutshwa zii-greenhouse gases kwiatmosfere zibangela ukulinganisela kwamandla okuhle kumhlaba womhlaba. Koko kukuthi, kugcinwa ubushushu obungaphezulu kunokuba bubuyiselwe emajukujukwini.
Ukutshintsha kwendalo kwimozulu
Uninzi lwabantu ludibanisa ukujikeleza okanye ezinye iimeko zemozulu ezahlukileyo zendalo notshintsho lwemozulu. Kuyinyani ukuba utshintsho lwemozulu lwonyusa ukuphindaphindeka kunye nokuqina kweziganeko zemozulu ezigqithileyo, kodwa utshintsho lwemozulu olubangelwa kukungalingani kwimilinganiselo yamandla akufuneki luphazanyiswe nokutshintsha kwendalo kwimozulu.
Ngapha koko, ukubonisa ukuba oku kuyinyani, kufanele ukuba kukhankanywe ukuba, nakumaxesha apho imozulu izinzile noko, iinkqubo ezenza imozulu yomhlaba ziguquka ngokwendalo. Ngokwesiqhelo, oku kuguquka kubizwa ngokuba kukushukuma ngenxa yokuba behamba phakathi kwamazwe amabini aphambili.
Oku kushukuxa kunokuba nokubaluleka okukhulu kunye nefuthe kwimozulu kokubini kwingingqi nakwilizwe jikelele. Eyona mizekelo yaziwayo yezi oscillation zezi Inkwenkwe nentombazana. I-El Niño ibangela ukufudumala okubonakalayo komphezulu wolwandle kumbindi nakwimpuma yeikhweyitha yePasifiki, kuhlala ezintathu okanye ezine. Xa iqondo lobushushu lommandla wolwandlekazi liwela ngaphantsi kwenqanaba eliqhelekileyo, le nto ibizwa ngokuba yiLa Niña.
Luchaphazela ntoni utshintsho lwemozulu?
Utshintsho lwemozulu luneziphumo ezahlukeneyo ezibangela iimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo ku:
- Inkqubo yendalo: Utshintsho lwemozulu luhlasela i-ikhosistim, kunciphisa ukwahlukahlukana kwaye kwenza kube nzima kwiintlobo ezininzi eziphilayo. Ikwaguqula ukugcinwa kwekhabhoni kumjikelo kunye namaqhekeza endawo yokuhlala yohlobo ngalunye. Iindawo zokuhlala eziqhekeziweyo ziyingozi enkulu ekufuneka kujongwane nayo izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwaye, ngamanye amaxesha, kunokuthetha ukuphela kwezilwanyana.
- Iinkqubo zabantu: Ngenxa yeziphumo ezibi ezinazo kwimozulu, imvula, amaqondo obushushu, njl. Utshintsho lwemozulu luhlasela iinkqubo zabantu ezibangela ilahleko yokusebenza kwezolimo. Umzekelo, izityalo ezininzi zonakaliswa yimbalela okanye azinakukhuliswa ngenxa yamaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ukujikeleza kwesityalo kuyafuneka, ukwanda kwezinambuzane, njl. Kwelinye icala, imbalela inyusa ukunqongophala kwamanzi okusela okunkcenkceshela, ukubonelela ngeedolophu, ukuhlamba izitrato, ukuhombisa, imboni, njl. Kwaye ngesizathu esifanayo kubangela ukonakala kwezempilo, ukubonakala kwezifo ezitsha ...
- Iinkqubo zedolophuUtshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela iinkqubo zasedolophini, lubangela iipateni zothutho okanye iindlela ziguqulwe, ubuchwepheshe obutsha kufuneka buphuculwe okanye bufakwe kwizakhiwo kwaye ngokubanzi ichaphazela indlela yokuphila
- Iinkqubo zoqoqosho: Uthini ngeenkqubo zoqoqosho. Ngokucacileyo, utshintsho kwimozulu luchaphazela imveliso yamandla, ukuvelisa, amashishini asebenzisa imali yendalo ...
- Iinkqubo zentlalo: Utshintsho lwemozulu lukwachaphazela iinkqubo zentlalo ezibangela utshintsho kwimfuduko, ezikhokelela kwiimfazwe nongquzulwano, ukwaphula ubulungisa, njl.
Njengoko sibona, utshintsho lwemozulu yinto esichaphazelayo kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla nakwisijikelezileyo.
Amandla okugcina igesi
Nje ukuba sihlalutye indlela utshintsho lwemozulu olusichaphazela ngayo, siza kugxila ekubeni zeziphi iigesi ezikhutshwa kakhulu kunye namandla azo okugcina ubushushu. Oku kubalulekile ukuba sikwazi ukusukela ekubeni okungakumbi sazi ngezi gesi, kokukhona izinto sinokuzama ukunciphisa ukwanda kwempembelelo yendlu eluhlaza.
IiGreenhouse gases (GHGs) zilandelela iigesi ezisemoyeni ezifunxa kwaye zikhuphe imitha yelanga. Bagubungela uMhlaba ngokwendalo kwaye, ngaphandle kwabo emoyeni, iqondo lobushushu beplanethi ibiya kuba ngama-33 degrees asezantsi. Umnqophiso waseKyoto yavunywa ngo-1997 kwaye yaqala ukusebenza ngo-2005, yayiquka ezi gesi zisixhenxe zokugcoba njengeyona ibaluleke kakhulu:
- Ikharbhon diokside (CO2): Irhasi nganye yendlu eluhlaza ikhutshiwe yanikwa iyunithi esekwe kumandla okugcina ubushushu emoyeni. Eli yunithi libizwa ngokuba liLungelo lokuFudumala kweLizwe (GWP). I-CO2 ine-1 CFM kwaye ukukhutshwa kwayo kuhambelana ne-76% yezinto eziphuma kuzo. Isiqingatha se-CO2 esikhutshelwa kwiatmosfera sitsala amalwandle kunye ne-biosphere. Eminye i-CO2 engafakwanga ihleli emoyeni kangangekhulu okanye amawaka eminyaka.
- Imethane (CH4): Irhasi yeMethane yeyona gesi yesibini ibaluleke kakhulu kwigreenhouse, enegalelo kwi-16% yezinto ezikhutshwayo. I-PCM yayo ingama-25, oko kukuthi, igcina ubushushu obuphindwe ngama-25 kune-CO2, nangona ingxinano yayo emoyeni iphantsi kakhulu. Ubomi bayo bufutshane, abupheli kangangeminyaka eli-12 emoyeni.
- Initrous oxide (N2O): Yirhasi yegreenhouse eyi-6% yazo zonke izinto ezikhutshwayo. Ine-GWP engama-298, nangona kufanele ukuba kuthiwe i-60% ye-N2O ekhupha i-atmosferi ivela kwimithombo yendalo enjengeentaba-mlilo. Inomjikelo wobomi omalunga neminyaka eli-114.
- Iigesi eziHlaziyiweyo: Ukufudumeza kwayo kunye nokugcina ubushushu kunokubakho ngama-23.000 amaxesha anamandla ngakumbi kunalawo e-CO2. Bahlala emoyeni iminyaka engama-50.000 XNUMX.
Iqwalaselwe iinguqu kuMntla woNyaka woMhlaba
Ukuqwalaselwa kubonisa ukuba utshintsho olwenzekayo okwangoku kwisixa, ubunzulu, ubude kunye nohlobo lwemvula. Le miba yemvula ngokubanzi ibonisa umohluko omkhulu wendalo; kwaye izinto ezinje nge-El Niño nokunye ukuguquguquka kwendalo kwimozulu zinempembelelo ebonakalayo.
Kwinkulungwane ephelileyo, nangona kunjalo, kuye kwabhengezwa imeko yexesha elide kumthamo wemvula, ngakumbi kakhulu kwiindawo ezisempuma zoMntla noMzantsi Merika, emantla eYurophu, emantla nakumbindi weAsia, kodwa zinqabile. eSahel, emazantsi e-Afrika, kwiMeditera nakumazantsi e-Asiya. Ukongeza, kuye kwaqwalaselwa ukwanda ngokubanzi kweziganeko zemvula enkulu, nakwiindawo apho isixa semvula siphelele sinciphile.
Impembelelo zotshintsho lwemozulu eAfrika
I-Afrika lelinye lamazwekazi asesichengeni sokutshintsha kwemozulu. Uninzi lwe-Afrika luya kufumana imvula encinci, kuphela kwingingqi esembindini nasempuma efumana ukwanda kwemvula. Kuqikelelwa ukuba kuyakubakho ukwanda kwimihlaba eyomileyo nengagqithanga eAfrika phakathi kwe-5% kunye ne-8% kude kube ngu-2080. Abantu baya kuva ubunzima boxinzelelo lwamanzi ngenxa yembalela kunye nokunqongophala kwamanzi okubangelwa kukutshintsha kwemozulu. Oku kuya konakalisa imveliso yezolimo kunye nokufikelela ekutyeni kuya kusiba nzima ngakumbi.
Kwelinye icala, ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle kuya kuchaphazela izixeko ezikhulu eziphantsi konxweme, ezinje ngeAlexandria, Cairo, Lomé, Cotonou, Lagos naseMassawa.
Iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu eAsia
Iimpembelelo ngaphandle kweAfrika ziya kubonakala eAsia. Umzekelo, ukunyibilika komkhenkce kuya kwandisa izikhukula kunye namatye, kwaye kuya kuchaphazela izibonelelo zamanzi zaseTibet, eIndiya naseBangladesh; Oku kuza kubangela ukwehla kokuhamba kwemilambo kunye nokufumaneka kwamanzi amatsha, njengoko umkhenkce uyehla. Ngo-2050, ngaphezulu kwe-1000 yezigidigidi zabantu abanokuhlupheka kukungabikho kwamanzi. Umzantsi-mpuma we-Asiya, ngakumbi iindawo ezixineneyo ezinkulu, zisengozini yezikhukula. Phantse i-30% yamatye e-coral e-Asia kulindeleke ukuba anyamalale kule minyaka ingama-30 izayo ngenxa yoxinzelelo kunye notshintsho lwemozulu. Utshintsho kwimvula luya kukhokelela ekwandeni kwezifo zorhudo, ikakhulu ezinxulunyaniswa nezikhukula kunye nembalela.
Inokonyusa uluhlu lweengcongconi ze-malaria kwaye ke zichaphazele abantu abaninzi baseAsia.
Iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu eLatin America
Ukurhoxa komkhenkce kule ndawo kunye nokuhla kwemvula kungakhokelela ekwehleni kwamanzi afumanekayo kwezolimo, ukusetyenziswa nasekuvelisweni kwamandla. Ngokunqaba kwamanzi afumanekayo, imveliso yezityalo zokutya nayo iya kuncipha kwaye oku kungakhokelela kwiingxaki kukhuseleko lokutya.
Ngenxa yokuphela kwemimandla emininzi yetropiki, iLatin America inokufumana ilahleko ebonakalayo yokwahlukahlukana kwezinto eziphilayo. Ukwehla kokufuma komhlaba kulindeleke ukuba kubangele ukutshintshwa ngokuthe ngcembe kwamahlathi akweleenjiko ngamathafa asempuma Amazonia. Enye indalo esemngciphekweni ehlala kwiCaribbean ziingqaqa zekorale, ezilikhaya lezixhobo ezininzi eziphila elwandle. Ukunyuka kwamanqanaba olwandle kuya kwandisa umngcipheko wezikhukula kwimimandla esezantsi, ngakumbi kwiCaribbean.
Iziphumo zotshintsho lwemozulu kwiziqithi ezincinci
Iziqithi ezininzi ezincinci, umzekelo kwiiCaribbean nasePacific, ziya kufumana ukuncipha kobutyebi bamanzi ukuya kuthi ga kwinqanaba lokuba ziya kuba zingenako ukuhlangabezana nemfuno ngamaxesha emvula ephantsi. Ukuphakama kwenqanaba lolwandle kuya kubangela ukungena kwamanzi amtyuwa kwimithombo yamanzi amatsha kwaye ke akusayi kuphinda kubenako ukuselwa. Njengokuba Ukuphakama komgangatho wolwandle kulindeleke ukuba kuqinise izikhukula, uqhwithela, ukhukuliseko kunye nezinye izinto eziyingozi zonxweme, ibeka isoyikiso kwiziseko zophuhliso ezibalulekileyo, iindawo zokuhlala kunye namancedo ayimfuneko ekusindisweni koluntu lwesiqithi. Ukuwohloka kweemeko zaselunxwemeni kunye nokukhanya okukhoyo emanzini kuya kunciphisa ixabiso lale mimandla njengendawo yabakhenkethi.
Njengoko uza kubona, utshintsho lwemozulu luchaphazela iindawo ezahlukeneyo ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kodwa inento efanayo: itshabalalisa yonke into esendleleni yayo.