Kwilizwe lefiziksi, i amasuntswana e-subatomic ukuchaza izakhiwo zezinto ezincinci. Kule meko, i-athomu yinxalenye yezi zakhiwo kwaye zizo ezibonisa iimpawu zayo. Amasuntswana e-Subatomic anokuba ziindidi ezininzi kwaye abaluleke kakhulu ekuqondeni izinto.
Ngoko ke, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela yonke into oyifunayo ukuba uyazi malunga neengqungquthela ze-subatomic, iimpawu zabo kunye neentlobo ezikhoyo.
Yintoni na amasuntswana subatomic
Ukutyhubela imbali, abantu bebefunda izinto kwaye bacebise ngeethiyori ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi okanye ezincinci kunye neendlela zamasuntswana amancinci enza yonke into.
Ngenxa yophuhliso lwethiyori ye-quantum, i-electrochemistry, i-nuclear physics, kunye nolunye uqeqesho, imifuziselo eyahlukeneyo yeathom ecetywayo ukusukela kumaxesha amandulo ibonakala ngathi ichazwa ngeendlela ngaxeshanye.
Ke ngoko, njengoko sisazi sonke namhlanje, iathomu yeyona yunithi incinci yokufumanisa into kwaye ineempawu zemichiza, Iqukethe i-nucleus yeengqungquthela ezininzi ze-vacuum kwaye kuyo iinqununu ezinkulu zigxininiswe. Ipesenti yobunzima bayo kunye namanye amasuntswana (i-electron) ajikelezayo.
Uphando lovavanyo kwiisuntswana ze-subatomic lunzima, kuba uninzi lwazo aluzinzanga kwaye lunokubonwa kuphela kwi-particle accelerators. Noko ke, ezona zizinzile, ezinjengeelektroni, iiproton, neeneutron, zaziwa kakhulu.
Iimpawu eziphambili
Iiproton kunye ne-neutron zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamasuntswana alula abizwa ngokuba ziiquarks. Amasuntswana e-Subatomic ahlelwa ngokwemigangatho eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, amasuntswana adumileyo nezizinzileyo aziintlobo ezintathu: ii-electron, iiprotons, kunye ne-neutron. Amacandelo ahluke omnye komnye ngentlawulo yawo (engalunganga, echanekileyo, kwaye engathathi hlangothi, ngokulandelelana) kunye nobunzima bazo, okanye ngenxa yokuba ii-electron zizinto ezisisiseko kwaye ezimbini zokugqibela zikhompawundi. Kwakhona, ii-electron zijikeleza i-nucleus, ngelixa iiproton kunye ne-neutron zenza i-nucleus.
Kwelinye icala, iiprotons kunye neutron, njengamasuntswana adibeneyo, zinokwahlulwa zibe ngamanye amasuntswana abizwa ngokuba ziiquarks, ezidityaniswe zezinye iindidi zamasuntswana abizwa ngokuba ziigluons. Zombini i-quarks kunye ne-gluons ngamasuntswana angenakuhlukaniswa, oko kukuthi, amasuntswana asisiseko. Kukho iintlobo ezintandathu zeequarks: phezulu (phezulu), phantsi (ezantsi), umtsalane (umtsalane), umnqa (umnqa), phezulu (phezulu) kunye nomzantsi (ophantsi).
Ngokufanayo, kukho iifotoni, ezingamasuntswana e-subatomic anoxanduva lokunxibelelana kwe-electromagnetic, kunye ne-neutrinos kunye ne-gauge bosons, ezinoxanduva lwamandla enyukliya abuthathaka. Ekugqibeleni, kukho i-Higgs boson, i-particle efunyenwe kwi-2012, ejongene nobunzima bazo zonke ezinye iinqununu ezisisiseko (yonke into eyenza indalo yonke).
Ukuziphatha kwamasuntswana asisiseko kulucelomngeni kwinzululwazi. Nangona i-quantum mechanics kunye nemodeli eqhelekileyo yamasuntswana asisiseko ichaza isakhelo sethiyori yeli hlabathi le-subatomic ngendlela eyimpumelelo emangalisayo, kusekho ithiyori ekwaziyo ukucacisa yonke indlela yokuziphatha kwendalo, enokuthi idibanise i-quantum mechanics kunye ne-Einstein's theory of relativity. Kukho iithiyori zolu hlobo namhlanje, ezinje ngethiyori yomtya, kodwa ukuba semthethweni kwazo akukaqinisekiswa ngokomfuniselo.
Ngawaphi amasuntswana e-subatomic esiwaziyo?
Kubalulekile ukuthi "siyazi" kunokuba "zikhona," kuba namhlanje iingcali zefiziksi ziyaqhubeka zifumana izinto ezintsha. Enkosi kwi-particle accelerator, sifumanisa amasuntswana e-subatomic, enza iiathom zingqubana enye kwenye ngesantya esiphantse silingane nesantya sokukhanya (iikhilomitha ezingama-300.000 ngomzuzwana) ngelixa silindele ukuba zibole zibe ngamasuntswana angaphantsi.
Enkosi kubo, siye safumanisa intaphane yamasuntswana e-subatomic, kodwa kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho amakhulu angakumbi okufumanayo. Amasuntswana emveli iiprotons, neutron, kunye neeelectron, kodwa njengoko sihamba, sifumanisa ukuba zenziwe zezinye, amasuntswana subatomic ezincinane. Ke ngoko, zihlelwa ngokwendlela yokuba ziyisiseko se-subatomic particles okanye i-composite subatomic particles.
Amasuntswana e-subatomic ahlanganisiweyo
Amasuntswana adityanisiweyo ngamaziko okuqala angaphantsi kwe-subatomic ukufunyanwa. Kangangexesha elide (de kwaphakathi kwinkulungwane yama-XNUMX, kwakucingwa ukuba kukho abanye abantu), abantu babecinga ukuba ngabo kuphela ababekho. Nangona kunjalo, la masuntswana e-subatomic abunjwa lumanyano lwamasuntswana asisiseko esiya kubona kwinqaku elilandelayo.
Proton
I-athomu ine-nucleus yeathom eyenziwe ngeeproton kunye ne-neutron kunye ne-orbit yee-electron ezijikelezayo. Iproton yisuntswana le-subatomic elinentlawulo enkulu kakhulu evumayo kune-electron. Inyaniso, umgangatho wayo uphezulu ngamaxesha angama-2000 kunowakhe.
Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani leeprotoni limisela into yeekhemikhali. Ke ngoko, iiathom zehydrogen zihlala zineprotons.
Neutron
I-Neutron ngamasuntswana e-subatomic enza i-nucleus kunye neeprotons. Ubunzima bayo bufana kakhulu neproton, nangona kule meko ayinayo intlawulo. Inani neutron kwinucleus ayimisele i element (njengoko ukwenza protons), kodwa imisela isotopu, nto leyo eyahlukileyo ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi uzinzo element ilahleko okanye izuza neutron.
Hadron
I-Hadrons ngamasuntswana e-subatomic ayenziwe nge-quarks, kwaye siya kubona la masuntswana asisiseko kamva. Ukuze singangeni kwiindawo ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu, masigcine umbono wokuba la masuntswana abambe iiquarks kunye ngenxa intsebenziswano enamandla kakhulu yenyukliya.
Electron
I-electron ngokwayo isele i-subatomic particle, kuba inokubakho ngokuzimeleyo kwi-athomu kwaye ayiqulunqwanga ngumanyano lwamanye amasuntswana. Lisuntswana eliphindwe ngama-2.000 elincinci kuneproton kwaye linentlawulo embi. Enyanisweni, yeyona yunithi incinci ehlawuliswayo kwindalo.
Quark
Iiquarks ziyinxalenye yeeproton kunye neeneutron. Namhlanje, amathandathu kula masuntswana angaphantsi kweathom ayaziwa, kodwa akukho nalinye kuwo elibonakala liphila ngaphandle kweathom. Ngamanye amazwi, iiquark zihlala zenza iiproton kunye neutron.
Ke la masuntswana e-subatomic amabini akhoyo ngokusekwe kuhlobo lwequark oluyibumbayo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba kukho ikhemikhali okanye enye into eyenziwe ngemichiza kuxhomekeke kwintlangano ye-quarks ezintandathu. Ubukho bayo baqinisekiswa ngeminyaka yee-1960.
Boson
I-boson yi-subatomic particle echaza ubume bayo yonke intsebenziswano esisiseko kwindalo iphela, ngaphandle komxhuzulane. Ziyimichiza ehambisa amandla okusebenzisana phakathi kwamaqhekeza asele ngandlela-thile. Ngamasuntswana athwala amandla abambe iiprotons kunye neeneutron kunye, amandla ombane wombane (ebophelela ii-electron kwi-nucleus ukwenza i-orbit) kunye nemitha.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga neengqungquthela ze-subatomic kunye neempawu zabo.