I-Physics luqeqesho lwezenzululwazi olubizwa ngokuba yinzululwazi yendalo okanye "enyulu", kunye nezandulela ezisukela kumaxesha akudala. Kunye nekhemistri kunye nebhayoloji, itshintshe kakhulu indlela thina bantu esiyiqonda ngayo kwaye siqhuba ngayo ihlabathi elisingqongileyo. Kukho ezahlukeneyo amasebe efiziksi enokufundwa kunye nale nzululwazi.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela malunga namasebe ahlukeneyo efiziksi, iimpawu zabo kunye noko bakufundayo.
IFizikiki kunye nekhemistri
IKhemistri ifunda ukubunjwa kwezinto kunye nezinto eziphilayo, ibhayoloji kunye nefiziksi luzinikele kuphononongo nakwingcaciso yenzululwazi yamandla asisiseko alawula indalo iphela. Ngokusekwe kuphononongo lwale mikhosi kunye namanqaku okunxibelelana kweso sifundo kunye nezinye iindawo zesayensi kunye nezoluleko, i-physics yahlulwe ibe ngamasebe amaninzi okanye amasimi, ngalinye linegama kunye neenjongo zalo.
Noko ke, ekubeni i<em>physics yenye yezona nzululwazi zindala, yaye ekubeni ezinye iinkalo zoqeqesho ezikhoyo namhlanje bezisoloko zikho, kuyinto eqhelekileyo ukwahlula amaxesha amathathu amakhulu, okanye iimbono ezintathu ezinkulu, eziqulethwe lufundo lwefiziksi.
Amasebe efiziksi
- i-physics yakudala. Imvelaphi yayo ivela kwi-classical antiquity, ngakumbi iGrisi yamandulo, kwaye igxile kwizinto ezenzeka kwindalo yonke apho isantya singaphantsi kwesantya sokukhanya kunye nesikali sesithuba sikhulu kune-athomu kunye neemolekyuli. Imigaqo yayo isekelwe kubuchwephesha beklasiki okanye iNewtonian mechanics, ekubeni u-Isaac Newton (1642-1727) wayengomnye weengcibi ezinkulu.
- Ifiziksi yanamhlanje. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyele ekupheleni kwe-1858th kunye ne-1947th inkulungwane yokuqala, kwaye ngenxa yophando lukaMax Planck (1879-1955) kunye no-Albert Einstein (XNUMX-XNUMX), iikhonsepthi ezahlukeneyo ze-physics yamandulo zatshintshwa ngokunzulu: ubudlelwane obukhethekileyo . kunye nokuzalana ngokubanzi.
- I-physics yangoku. Ezona ndlela zintsha, apho iindawo zazo zokuqalisa zifumaneka ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX nasekuqaleni kweye-XNUMX, zinikezelwe kwinkcazo esebenzayo yeenkqubo ezingezizo imigca, iinkqubo ezingaphandle kwe-thermodynamic equilibrium kwaye, rhoqo, eyona avant-garde kwaye iindlela ezintsonkothileyo ezijikeleze kwindalo engabonakaliyo.
Ukwahluka kwamasebe efiziksi
Ngelixa lemizuzu mithathu, ifiziksi ibiqokelela iindawo zokufunda, nganye kuzo iqala okanye ibandakanye enye yezinto ezibizwa ngokuba ngamasebe efiziksi:
- oomatshini beklasikhi. Igxininisa ingcamango yokuhamba ngesantya esingaphantsi kwesantya sokukhanya kunye nokuziphatha kwe-macroscopic yezinto, kwaye ibonakaliswe ngokuphatha ixesha njengengcamango engaguqukiyo kunye nendalo yonke njengento echazwe. Ngokubanzi, yenziwe nge-vector mechanics, iziphumo zophando luka-Isaac Newton kunye nemithetho yakhe yokunyakaza, kunye ne-analytical mechanics yendalo engabonakaliyo kunye nezibalo, umqalisi wakhe uthathwa njengoGottfried Leibniz (1646-1716).
- Thermodynamics. Kunikezelwe kwisifundo sokulinganisela kwamandla kwiinkqubo ze-macroscopic, ubushushu kunye neenkqubo zabo zokudlulisa amandla, uhlobo lwamandla kunye nendlela esetyenziselwa ngayo ukwenza umsebenzi.
- I-electromagnetism. Lisebe lefiziksi elifunda umbane kunye nemagnethi kwaye lenza ngendlela edibeneyo, oko kukuthi, ngethiyori efanayo kunye neyodwa. Oku kuthetha ukuba waba nomdla kwiziganeko zombane kunye nemagnethi kunye nembalelwano yabo kunye nokusebenzisana, ngokuqwalasela ukukhanya. Imvelaphi yayo ibuyela kwizifundo zikaMichel Faraday (1791-1867) kunye noJames Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879).
- Acoustics. Eli ligama lefiziksi yesandi, ezinikezelwe kwisifundo sezakhiwo kunye nokusasazwa kwamaza omsindo, ukuziphatha kwabo kwimidiya eyahlukeneyo kunye nokwenzeka kokuguqulwa. Usetyenziso lwayo lusisiseko kwihlabathi lezixhobo zomculo, kodwa ziya phambili kubomi bethu bemihla ngemihla.
- Amehlo. Yifiziksi yokukhanya, ezinikele ekuqondeni ubume obuntsonkothileyo bembonakalo ye-electromagnetic ebonakalayo (kunye nengabonakaliyo) kunye neendlela enxibelelana ngayo nomcimbi: imidiya eyahlukeneyo, izinto ezibonisayo, kunye neeprisms. Olu qeqesho lwavela kumaxesha amandulo kodwa luye lwenziwa utshintsho kumaxesha anamhlanje, nto leyo evumela ukwenziwa kwezixhobo abantu ababengazange bazikrokrele ngaphambili, ezinjengemikroskopu, iikhamera kunye nezixhobo zamehlo ezilungisayo (ezonyango).
- Abakhandi bolwelo. Igxininisa ekufundeni ukuhamba kwamanzi kunye nokusebenzisana kwabo kunye nokusingqongileyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba ifunda ikakhulu ulwelo kunye neegesi, kodwa kunye nezinye iindlela ezintsonkothileyo zezinto ezinokuhamba, oko kukuthi, zibe yicontinua.
- I-quantum mechanics. Inikezelwe kuphononongo lwendalo kwizikali ezincinci zesithuba, ezinje ngeathom kunye namasuntswana e-subatomic. Ihlalutya amandla abo kunye nokusebenzisana kwaye sisiphumo senkqubela phambili yefiziksi ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-XNUMX eyaqala kuqikelelo lobuchwephesha beklasikhi kwaye yavula icandelo elitsha lokufunda: ilizwe le-subatomic kunye nokukhohlisa okunokwenzeka.
- Chaos ithiyori. Ijolise ekufundweni kweenkqubo zomzimba eziyinkimbinkimbi kunye neziguquguqukayo, usebenzisa i-equations ye-Newton eyahlukileyo kunye negalelo leengcali zefiziksi ezifana neLenz (1917-2008), njl.
amanye amasebe
Ukongeza, ngenxa yokunxibelelana nezinye isayensi kunye noqeqesho, amanye amasebe efiziksi azelwe:
- I-Geophysics. Sisiphumo soqhagamshelwano phakathi kwefiziksi kunye nejoloji, ezinikele kufundo lwamaleko angaphakathi eplanethi yethu: ubume bayo, uguquko kunye nembali yendaleko, kuthathelwa ingqalelo imithetho eyaziwayo esisiseko yento: umxhuzulane, i-electromagnetism, radiation, njl. .
- Astrophysics. Imalunga ne-stellar physics, oko kukuthi, i-physics esetyenziselwa ukufunda izinto ezibonakalayo okanye ezibonakalayo kwindawo engaphandle, njengeenkwenkwezi, i-nebulae okanye imingxuma emnyama. Olu qeqesho luhamba kunye ne-astronomy kwaye lubonelela ngobutyebi bolwazi malunga nendlela isithuba se-extraplanetary esisebenza ngayo kwaye zeziphi izigqibo ezinokuthatyathwa kwizinto eziqwalaselweyo.
- Physical chemistry. Kukudibana kwenzululwazi yamandla (ifiziksi) kunye nenzululwazi yento (chemistry). Kubandakanya ukufundwa kwezinto kusetyenziswa iingqiqo ezibonakalayo.
- Biophysics. Kunikezelwe kuphononongo lwezinto eziphilayo ngokwembono yefiziksi, ngakumbi kwinqanaba le-molecular dynamics, oko kukuthi, utshintshiselwano kunye nokusebenzisana kwamasuntswana angaphantsi kunye namandla phakathi nangaphakathi kwezinto eziphilayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga namasebe e-physics kunye neempawu zabo.