Kwilizwe lezenzululwazi kunye nophando, bekukho abasetyhini abenze imitsi emikhulu kwaye benza imitsi emikhulu. Omnye wabo ngu UMargaret Salas. Ekunye nomyeni wakhe, waqalisa uphuhliso eziphilayo eziphilayo eSpeyin. Izifundo zakhe zijolise kwintsholongwane yebhaktiriya iPhi29 kwaye zisivumele ukuba sazi ukuba isebenza njani iDNA. Siyabulela kwimiyalelo yayo siyazi ukuba ziguqulwa zaba ziiproteni kunye nendlela iiproteni ezinxulumene ngayo nezinye ukwenza intsholongwane esebenzayo.
Kweli nqaku siza kukuxelela yonke i-biography kunye negalelo lenzululwazi kaMargarita Salas.
I-Biography kaMargarita Salas
Ngokunjalo, lo mfazi uzichaza njengomntu olula nosebenza nzima. Ungumthandi wemizobo yanamhlanje kunye nemifanekiso eqingqiweyo. Phakathi kokulunga kwakhe unesidingo sokunyaniseka kwaye imbonakalo ayithandayo lelabhoratri esemaphandleni ase-Asturian. Uhlala esithi ibhubhoratri kulapho unokulibala khona malunga nehlabathi liphela. Wazalwa ngo-1938 kwidolophu eselunxwemeni lwaseAsturiya ebizwa ngokuba yiCanero. Ngokumalunga noqeqesho lwakho, abazali babo bebecaca gca ukuba abantwana babo kufuneka benze isidanga saseyunivesithi.
Wayengenalo naluphi na uhlobo lokucalula ngokubhekisele kumntakwabo, kuba babengabantakwabo abathathu. UMargarita Salas wangena kwikholeji yoonongesi eneminyaka emithathu kwaye waqhubeka de wagqiba amabanga aphakamileyo. Kwiziko babenoqeqesho olugqibeleleyo kokubini kuluntu nakwinzululwazi. Nangona wayebathanda bobabini, waqala wangena nzulu kuqeqesho lwesayensi. Ukhethe ukuya eMadrid ukuya kufunda ikhosi ebandakanya i-physics, i-chemistry, i-mathematics, i-biology kunye ne-geology. Zonke ezi zifundo kuye kwafuneka ukuba zipasiswe ukuze kufumaneke isidanga kwikhemistri.
UMargarita wayengenamdla ngegeology kwaye engadingi ukuba eli sebe likwazi ukwenza amayeza. Yonke into awayeyifunda yamvumela ukuba azenze zozibini ezi zifundo kwaye ekugqibeleni wagqiba ngekhemistri. Yayilukhetho olufanelekileyo, kuba waqonda indlela anemincili ngayo ngokuchitha iiyure kwilebhu yemichiza. Elinye lawona mabinzana akhe awaziwa kakhulu yile «Ubizo lwenzululwazi aluzalwanga, lwenziwe».
UMargarita Salas wadibana noSevero Ochoa kwaye wacebisa ukuba ahambe naye ukuya kwinkomfa yophando. Kule ntetho ziingcali, elinye inyathelo kwi-biochemistry. Ngomnyaka wesine wesidanga wadibana nalowo wayeya kuba luthando lobomi bakhe obizwa ngokuba ngu-Eladio Viñuela. Uyindoda ekrelekrele, entle kwaye enomdla enomdla kwizinto ezininzi. Ngelo xesha isidanga sasichaza kakhulu kwaye umyeni wakhe uEladio wayethanda ufuzo. Bobabini babethandana ngokukhawuleza kwaye ekupheleni kwesidanga baba ngamakhwenkwe.
Izifundo kunye nophando
U-Eladio waqala ukulandela ubugqirha kwimfuza kwiziko elifanayo lophando lwebhayoloji njengaye. Nangona kunjalo, waqonda ukuba uhlobo lwemfuza awayeyifunda yayilelona aluthandayo. Wayenomdla kwi-genetics ehlengahlengiswe ngakumbi kwi-biochemistry, i-nucleus yesifundo ibe yimolekyuli ngakumbi. Ngenxa yoko, wamcela ukuba enze ithisisi kunye. Batshata ngo-1963 kwaye Baye bakwazi ukuqhuba ithisisi ngenxa yeshumi leminyaka elinama-12000 eepesetas ezindala.
Ukuphela kwawo wonke umsebenzi abawuphuhlisayo kwilabhoratri kaSols, bagqibe kwelokuba balandele iingcebiso ababezinikwe nguSevero Ochoa. Bafudukele kwilebhu awayenayo eNew York kwaye bakwazi ukwenza ukuba iminqweno yabo izaliseke ngenxa yemali yokufunda kunye nenkxaso yemali abayinikwayo. Kulebhu, akazange azive ecalucalulwa ngokuba ngumfazi. Zonke izikhwenene zazinokwamkelwa okubafaneleyo. Emva kweminyaka eliqela kulebhu bagqiba ekubeni babuyele eSpain ukuze bakwazi ukuphuhlisa i-biology yeemolekyuli apha. Babesazi ukuba banokufumaneka kwindawo apho umdla wenzululwazi wawungaphantsi kwaye kwakungekho kuphanda. Kwimeko yale meko, baya kubuyela eUnited States.
Umbuzo wokuqala obalulekileyo abawuphakamisileyo yayikukukhethwa kwesihloko somsebenzi kwinto abafuna ukuyiphanda nokuqhubela phambili. Abazange bazimisele kuphela ukuqhubeka nophando ababenalo kwibhubhoratri ye-Ochoa, kuba eSpain babengenakukwazi ukukhuphisana neziko. Ke, bakhethe i-Phi29 phage, eyayintsokothe ngokwasemzimbeni. Le phage ayikho enye into eyintsholongwane eyosulela ibhaktiriya. Olu phononongo lubonakale lunomdla, kuba yintsholongwane ebangele ukuba kubekho igalelo lokuqala kwimfuza yemolekyuli kwii-XNUMXs.
Injongo yabo bobabini yayikukutyhila zonke iindlela ezazisetyenziswa ziintsholongwane kwi-morphogenesis yazo. Oko kukuthi, indlela eyileke ngayo amasuntswana egciwane kwizinto. Siyazi ukuba izinto eziphambili ziiproteni kunye nezinto zemvelo. Ngaphandle kokufikelela kwinjongo, bafuna imali yelinye ilizwe. Ngenxa yokuba iSpain yayingenamali yophando, uSevero Ochoa wabafumanela inkxaso-mali yokuba ngabaphengululi kuphela elabhoratri ekufuneka bayixhobise kancinci kancinci.
Igalelo likaMargarita Salas kwisayensi
E-Spain, uMargarita Salas waziva ecalucalulwa ngokuba ngumfazi. Kwilabhoratri wayengenangxaki nabafundi bezobugqirha, kodwa evela ngaphandle kwelebhu yayingumfazi ka-Eladio Viñuela kuphela. Oku kwakungalunganga ngendlela engathethekiyo, nanjengoko naye wayenokufaneleka kwakhe. Ukuphelisa olu lucalucalulo, uphando lwaqala ngeminyaka yoo-XNUMX kwintsholongwane ye-swine fever yaseAfrika. Uphando lwe-Phi29 lwalusenziwa kuphela phantsi kolawulo lukaMargarita. Yile ndlela akwazi ngayo ukubonisa ukuba wakwazi ukwenza uphando yedwa ngaphandle kwesidingo sikaEladio kwaye waba sisazinzulu esinegama lakhe hayi nje "umfazi ka."
Yayisaziwa ukuba yintsholongwane kwaye ayizange idlalele umntu kodwa ichaphazela iintsholongwane Bacillussubtilis. Into yokuqala enokufunyanwa ngombulelo kuMargarita Salas kukuba i-DNA ineprotein ebalulekileyo eqhotyoshelwe kwiziphelo zayo ukuze iqale ukuyiphinda. Kwakungokokuqala ukuba iprotein enjalo ifumaneke ibotshelelwe kwi-DNA yomntu ophilayo. Konke oku yayikukufumanisa kwindlela entsha yokuphindaphinda kwezinto zemvelo. Enkosi kwezi zinto zifunyenweyo, kuye kwenzeka ukusebenzisa imodeli ukuhlalutya ezinye iintsholongwane ezikolu hlobo lweprotheni. Zonke ezi vidiyo zihlala zisingathwa kakubi, ke oku kuhamba phambili kufanelekile.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda okuninzi malunga noMargarita Salas kunye nebhayiloji yakhe.