Siyazi ukuba kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamatye kwiplanethi yethu kuxhomekeke kwimvelaphi kunye neempawu. Sinentlenga, igneous kunye namatye e-metamorphic. Ezi ntlobo zi-3 zamatye zezo zisasazwa kuwo wonke umhlaba. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi akhiwa njani amatye.
Ngenxa yesi sizathu, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela indlela amatye akhiwa ngayo inyathelo ngesinyathelo, ziphi iimpawu kwimvelaphi yazo kunye nokubaluleka kwezi nkqubo.
Amatye, iikristale kunye neeminerali
Amatye owabonayo—iintaba, imiwonyo nemifula—enziwe ngezimbiwa. Ilitye lenziwe ngeeminerali ezimbini nangaphezulu. Udinga iiminerali ukwenza amatye, kodwa awudingi matye ukwenza iiminerali. Onke amatye enziwe ngeeminerali onke amalungu eminerali enziwe ngento enye. Ukuba ubunokusika isampulu yentsimbi ekrwada, ibiya kubonakala ifana kuyo yonke indawo. Kukho malunga nama-3.000 eeminerali ezahlukeneyo ehlabathini. Iiminerali zenziwe ngezinto zekhemikhali, nokuba yinto enye yekhemikhali okanye indibaniselwano yeekhemikhali. Kukho iikhemikhali eziyi-103 ezaziwayo.
Iicrystals zizimbiwa ezinethuba lokukhula ngendlela emiselweyo. Iikhemikhali ezenza iminerali zigqiba iifom ezinokuba nazo. Sinokuthetha ngeeminerali ezahlukeneyo kwiifom zekristali abanazo.
Izimbiwa ngamanye amaxesha zenza kwiindawo ezingenayo indawo eninzi, ngoko ke abanalo uhlobo lwekristale. Xa iminerali inobunzima obukhulu, ibizwa ngokuba yiminerali enkulu. Ukuba kukho imilo echazwe kakuhle, kunye namacala acacileyo abonakalayo kunye nemiphetho, ibizwa ngokuba yiglasi yeminerali.
Uninzi lweekristale eziseMhlabeni zenze izigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo. Iicrystals zibakho xa ilitye elingamanzi ngaphakathi eMhlabeni liphola kwaye liqina. Iicrystals ngamanye amaxesha ziyavela xa ulwelo olungaphantsi komhlaba luhamba phakathi kokwaphuka kwaye kancinane lufaka iiminerali. Uninzi lweekristali zamaminerali zithatha amawaka eminyaka ukuba "zikhule," kodwa ezinye zifana nefom yetyuwa ngokukhawuleza ukuba unokuzibukela zikhula ekhaya.
Xa amatye eqhekezwa abe ziziqwengana ezincinci nezincinci, ajika abe yintlabathi. Ukuba ujonga isanti phantsi kwe-microscope, uya kubona ukuba yenziwe ngezimbiwa ezifanayo nelitye ephuma kulo. Xa isityalo siqala ukuntshula esantini, sijika sisuka kumatye amancinci siye emhlabeni.
akhiwa njani amatye
Amatye ahlala eyilwa, afakwe, kwaye azika, aze ahlaziywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Oku kubizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo wamatye. Kufana nomjikelo wamanzi, kodwa emva kwexesha elide. Kumatye, olu tshintsho luthatha amawaka kunye nezigidi zeminyaka.
Ukhukuliseko lomhlaba
Ukhukuliseko yinxalenye ephambili yomjikelo wamatye. Inoxanduva lokwenza uninzi lommandla onomdla osingqongileyo. Oku kukwayingxaki enkulu, njengoko abantu behlala bebaninzi kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo yaye besebenzisa imo engqongileyo ngandlel’ ithile. Kukho izinto ezinokwenziwa ngabantu ukunyusa ukhukuliseko okanye ukulunciphisa. Ukhukuliseko lubangelwa ikakhulu yimozulu.
Amanzi abangela ukhukuliseko olukhulu. Xa isina njengemvula eneasidi, inokunyibilikisa amatye angevayo neasidi. Ibhastile kunye nelitye likalikalika zinokonakala xa zisesichengeni semvula. Izandyondyo zemvula zibakho xa imvula inamandla kakhulu, njengaxa kuneemvula ezinkulu. Imilambo equkuqelayo okanye ephuphumayo inokubangela ukudilika komhlaba kwaye ikhukulise iindonga zemilambo.
Intshukumo yamaza elunxwemeni inokubangela ukhukuliseko oluninzi. Amaza ayebetha ematyeni yaye, ngamaxesha athile, amawa ayesidilika. Yiyo loo nto uhlala ufumana amahlalutye amancinci esantini eselunxwemeni. Imisinga enamandla, njengaleyo ifumaneka kwimilambo yasentabeni ehamba ngokukhawuleza, okanye amaza amakhulu aselunxwemeni, inokubangela ukuba amatye aqengqeleke. Oku kubangela ukuba iindawo ezibukhali zamatye zibethe enye kwenye, ngoko ke amatye omlambo, kunye namatye aselwandle, akhangeleka kakuhle.
Ngamaxesha ngamaxesha, iintaba ziyadilika ngenxa yomjikelo womkhenkce/wokunyibilika, amatye amakhulu adilika abe mancinci. Xa amanzi engena kwiimfanta zengxondorha. umthamo waloo manzi uyanda ngexesha lomjikelo weqabaka, eyenza iintanda zibe nkulu. Xa iintanda zigcwala amanzi ngexesha lokunyibilika kwekhephu, oko kuvumela amanzi amaninzi ukuba atshone nzulu ematyeni, nto leyo ebangela ukuba aqhekeke xa ephinda engumkhenkce.
Njengoko umoya uthwala isanti nothuli, inokutshabalalisa iileya zamatye ezingekhoyo. Umoya unokuqhekeza isanti encinci kwaye usebenzise le ntlabathi ukubetha amatye kwindlela yomoya. Ngamanye amaxesha iileya ezithambileyo zamatye ziyakhukuliseka, zishiya imilo enomdla. Olu khukuliseko lukholisa ukubakho kuphela kwiindawo ezome kakhulu, ezifana neentlango.
Akhiwa njani amatye anomlilo
Amatye amatsha e-igneous enziwa xa iintaba-mlilo zigqabhuka kwaye ilitye elingulwelo linyukela kumphezulu woMhlaba. Xa ilitye likwimo yolwelo ngaphakathi eMhlabeni, libizwa ngokuba yi-magma. Xa i-magma iqina kuqweqwe loMhlaba, iba yigraniti. Uninzi lweentaba zenziwe ngegranite.
Xa iintaba zaqala ukubunjwa, zazinde kwaye zixinene; njengeeNtaba zeRocky kunxweme olusentshona kuMntla Merika. Ngokuhamba kwexesha (izigidi zeminyaka), iintaba ziba ziintaba zakudala, njengeeNtaba zeAppalachian kunxweme olusempuma yeUnited States. Njengoko zikhula, ziyajikeleza kwaye zibe mfutshane kakhulu ngobude. Into eyenzekayo ngeli xesha kukuba iindawo zamatye ziyakhukuliseka. Imvula, umkhenkce/imijikelo yokunyibilika, umoya, kunye namanzi ahambayo ziyonakalisa kancinane intaba.
Indlela amatye e-sedimentary kunye ne-metamorphic enziwa ngayo
Ekugqibeleni, iingceba ezininzi zamatye angasentla ziwela emilanjeni nakwimisinga. Ezi ziqwenga zesanti namatye zibizwa ngokuba ziintlenga.
Xa amanzi ethotha, ezi zintle zihlala emazantsi echibi okanye ulwandle apho iqukuqela khona. Kwiminyaka emininzi, imigangatho yamatye ahlukeneyo ihlala emazantsi amachibi kunye neelwandle. Ekuhambeni kwexesha umhlaba onesanti osemazantsi amachibi neelwandle wajika wamatye. Ezi zibizwa ngokuba ngamatye entlenga.
Amatye eMetamorphic ngamatye atshintshileyo. Igama livela kwigama lesiGrike elithi "meta" kunye "nomorph", elithetha ukutshintsha isimo. Amatye e-Metamorphic ekuqaleni angamatye angenamlilo okanye amatye e-sedimentary, kodwa zitshintshile ngenxa yokushukuma koqweqwe. Njengoko uqweqwe lushukuma, amatye ayadityaniswa, yaye ubushushu bubangela ukuba amatye ajike.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela amatye enziwa ngayo kunye neempawu zabo.