Yintoni iathom

I-athomu yiyunithi esisiseko yenkqunto kwaye lelona qhezu lincinane elinokuchonga into eyikhemikhali. Iqukethe i-nucleus ye-atomic equlethe i-neutron kunye neeproton, kunye nee-electron ezijikeleze i-nucleus. Igama elithi atom lithatyathwe kwisiGrike kwaye lithetha ukungahlukaniswa. Noko ke, abantu abaninzi abazi kakuhle Yintoni iathom nokuba zithini na iimpawu zayo.

Ke ngoko, siza kunikezela eli nqaku ukukuxelela ukuba yintoni iathomu, iimpawu zayo kunye nokubaluleka kwayo.

Yintoni iathom

Iiathom zibandakanya indawo esembindini ebizwa ngokuba yinucleus, apho iiprotons (amasuntswana achajiwe kakuhle) kunye neeneutron (amasuntswana angathathi hlangothi ngombane) zihlala. Ummandla ojikeleze i-nucleus uhlala kwii-electron (ii-particles negative charges); lo mmandla ubizwa ngokuba ngumaleko wombane. Iqokobhe lombane (elichajiwe kakubi) kunye nondoqo (ochajiwe kakuhle) zibanjwa kunye ngumtsalane wombane.

Umyinge we-diameter ye-athomu malunga neemitha ezili-10-10, kwaye ububanzi be-nucleus bumalunga ne-10-15 yeemitha; ke, iathom inobubanzi obuphindwe ka-10.000 100.000 ukusa kwi-XNUMX XNUMX ngaphezu komongo wayo. Umzekelo, ukuba i-athomu ilingana nebala lebhola ekhatywayo, i-nucleus iyalingana nebhola esembindini webala. Ukuba i-athom yi-100 yeemitha ububanzi, i-nucleus yayo yi-1 centimeter ububanzi.

Imbali ethile

Isithandi sobulumko esingumGrike uAristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) wazama ukucacisa ukubunjwa kwayo yonke into esuka kwielementi: umhlaba, umoya, umlilo kunye namanzi. UDemocritus (546 BC - 460 BC) wayengusosayensi ongumGrike kunye nezibalo eziphakamisa ingcamango yokuba kwakukho umda kubukhulu bamasuntswana. La masuntswana abe mancinci kangangokuba angabi sahlulwa, utshilo. Wabiza loo masuntswana "athom."

Ubukhulu benkulungwane ye-XNUMX, yayiyimodeli yeathom yesazinzulu saseBritani uDalton owaphakamisa ithiyori yeathom, eyayingaphaya kweengcinga zabantu bamandulo ngelo xesha.

Le ithiyori ithi Yonke into yenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinane angahlulwahlulwayo abizwa ngokuba ziiathom. Uphando lwakutsha nje lufumanise ukuba iiathom zenziwe ngamanye amasuntswana amancinane abizwa ngokuba zii-subatomic particles.

Ngokwembali, iithiyori ezahlukeneyo zeathom malunga nokwakheka kwezinto ziye zaphuhliswa ngaphambi kokuba ulwazi lwangoku malunga nolwakhiwo lweathomu lufunyenwe. Ngokusekwe kwithiyori yeathom, Oosonzululwazi bebebonisa iimodeli eziguquka ngokuthe ngcembe zeeathom.

Imodeli yokuqala eyacetywa nguJohn Dalton yaphuhliswa yaba yimodeli yeathom kaNiels Bohr. UBohr ucebise imodeli efana kakhulu nemodeli yangoku yee-electron ezijikeleza i-nucleus.

ubume beathom

Iiathom zenziwe ngamasuntswana amancinane abizwa ngokuba ngamasuntswana e-subatomic: ii-electron, iiprotons, kunye neeneutron. Uninzi lobunzima be-athomu bugxile kwinucleus. Kwaye umthamo wayo omkhulu kwiqokobhe lombane apho ii-electron zifumaneka khona.

Ii-electron, iiprotons kunye ne-neutron

Ii-electron zihlawuliswa kakubi kwaye ziphantse zingabikho ubunzima. Ubunzima bayo bumalunga ne-1840 obuphindwe kangangama-nucleus eathom.. Ngamasuntswana amancinane ajikeleza umbindi we-athomu. Ukongeza, zihamba ngokukhawuleza zijikeleze i-nucleus evelisa indawo ye-electromagnetic.

Iproton inentlawulo efanayo efanayo nentlawulo kwi-electron ngexabiso elipheleleyo, ngoko ke iiprotoni kunye nee-electron zikholisa ukutsala enye kwenye. Ezi zenza iyunithi yobunzima kwaye kunye ne-neutron zenza i-nucleus ye-athomu.

I-Neutron ayinayo intlawulo, oko kukuthi, banentlawulo engathathi hlangothi. Kunye neeprotons, yenza i-nucleus kwaye imele phantse bonke ubunzima (99,9%) be-athomu. Iineutron zinika uzinzo kwinucleus.

Iiathom zinemigangatho yamandla, amaqokobhe asixhenxe ajikeleze umongo apho kukho ii-electron ezijikeleza i-nucleus. Amaqokobhe abizwa ngokuba ngu-K, L, M, N, O, P, kunye no-Q. Iqokobhe ngalinye linokugcina inani eliqingqiweyo leelektroni: ii-electron ezisibhozo kwiqokobhe ngalinye. Umaleko ongaphandle uhlala ungowona unamandla. Kuphela i-athom ye-hydrogen ayinayo i-neutron kwaye enye kuphela i-electron orbits ejikeleze iproton.

iimpawu zekhemikhali

Kwimichiza, iiathomu ziiyunithi ezisisiseko ezihlala zigcina iipropathi zazo zoqobo kuyo yonke indlela abasabela ngayo. Azichithwanga okanye zidalwe, zicwangciswa ngokulula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo kunye nokudibanisa okuhlukeneyo phakathi kwabo.

Iiathom ziyadibana ukuze zenze iimolekyuli kunye nezinye iintlobo zemathiriyeli. Iibhondi ezenziwe kwiikhemikhali zinokwakheka okuthile okwahlula izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Ezi elementi zezo zivela kwi periodic table yezinto.

Nganye kwezi elementi ineeproton ezininzi kwinucleus. Eli nani libizwa ngokuba yinombolo yeathom kwaye lichazwa ngonobumba u-Z. Zonke iiathom ezinenani elifanayo leeproton zezesiqalelo esinye kwaye zineempawu zemichiza efanayo nangona ziyinxalenye yemichiza eyahlukileyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, sifumana inani lobunzima, elibonakaliswa ngunobumba A. Eli nani libhekisa kwinani leenucleon ezikhoyo kwiatom. Olunye uhlobo lwe-athomu esinokuyifumana, kwaye malunga nayo esazi kakuhle, yi-isotope. Ezi athom zinenani elifanayo leeprotons kodwa amanani ahlukeneyo e-neutron. Zineempawu zeekhemikhali ezifanayo nangona iimpawu zazo zomzimba zahlukile enye kwenye.

Njengoko siphawulile ngaphambili, ii-isotopes zibaluleke kakhulu. Kwaye zibalulekile kumandla enyukliya kuba ukutyetyiswa kweuranium kubandakanya ukuguqula isotopu enye yeuranium ibe kwenye enokwakheka kweekhemikhali ezingazinzanga ngakumbi, okusivumela ukuba sibe nokusabela ngetsheyini.

Propiedades

Iimpawu ezichaza iathom zezi:

• Inombolo ye-atom (Z) ebonisa inani leeprotons kwinucleus. Zonke iiathom ezinenani elifanayo leeproton ziyinxalenye enye. Umzekelo, iathom yehydrogen eneproton enye kuphela.
• Inani lobunzima libhekisa kwisambuku seeprotoni kunye neeneutron.. Izinto ezinamanani ahlukeneyo e-neutron zi-isotopu ezahlukeneyo zento enye.
• umbane Lutyekelo lweeathom zokutsala ii-electron xa zenza iibhondi zeekhemikhali.
• iradiyasi yeathom Ihambelana nesiqingatha somgama phakathi kwee-nuclei ezimbini ezidibeneyo zento enye.
• amandla e-ionization Ngamandla afunekayo ukususa i-electron kwi-elementi.

Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nokuba yintoni iathomu kunye neempawu zayo.