IHubble Space Telescope sisixhobo esikwaziyo ukufumana imifanekiso ekumgangatho ophezulu ngaphandle kokuthathela ingqalelo imida yokuba semiphethweni yangaphandle yenqanaba lokugqibela lomoya weplanethi yethu. Ukususela ekudalweni kwayo, baninzi abantu abafuna ukwazi yintoni efunyenwe yiteleskopu yehubble ukuba nodumo kangaka.
Ngesi sizathu, kweli nqaku siza kunikela isishwankathelo sento efunyenwe yiteleskopu yeHubble kwaye zeziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili.
Iimpawu zeHubble Telescope
Iteleskopu ikumda ongaphandle womoya. I-orbit apho ikhoyo yi-593 yeekhilomitha ngaphezu komphakamo wolwandle. Kuthatha kuphela malunga nemizuzu engama-97 ukujikeleza uMhlaba. Yaqala ukufakwa kwi-orbit ngo-Aprili 24, 1990 ukufumana imifanekiso engcono kwisisombululo esiphezulu.
Phakathi kwemilinganiselo yayo siyifumana kunye nayo ubunzima malunga ne-11.000 kg, i-cylindrical ngobume, i-4,2 m ububanzi kunye ne-13,2 m ubude. Njengoko ubona, yiteleskopu enkulu kakhulu, kodwa inokudada kwiatmosfera ngaphandle komxhuzulane.
IHubble Space Telescope iyakwazi ukubonakalisa ukukhanya okufikelela kuyo ngenxa yezibuko zayo ezimbini. Isipili naso sikhulu. Enye yazo yi-2,4 yeemitha ububanzi. Ilungele ukuphononongwa kwesibhakabhaka njengoko iqulethe iikhamera ezintathu ezidibeneyo kunye neespectrometers ezininzi. Iikhamera zohlulwe zibe yimisebenzi emininzi. Enye kukufota ezona ndawo zincinane kwisithuba esisekelwe kuso ngenxa yokukhanya kwazo kumgama. Ngaloo ndlela bazama ukufumana amanqaku amatsha esithubeni kunye nokwakha ngcono iimephu ezipheleleyo.
Enye ikhamera isetyenziselwa ukufota iiplanethi kunye nokufumana ulwazi olungakumbi ngazo. Le yokugqibela isetyenziselwa ukubona i-radiation kwaye ithathe imifanekiso nokuba kumnyama kuba isebenza nge-infrared. Ngenxa yamandla ahlaziyekayo, iteleskopu ingahlala ixesha elide.
Yintoni efunyenwe yiteleskopu yaseHubble?
iminyaka yendalo iphela
Izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zisebenzisa iindlela ezimbini zokubala ubudala bendalo iphela: ukujonga ezona nkwenkwezi zindala nokulinganisa ukwanda kwendalo iphela. Namhlanje kuqikelelwa ukuba ummandla wendalo uneminyaka emalunga ne-13.700 lamawaka ezigidi, kunye neteleskopu yeHubble isitshixo ekuyichongeni. Ndiyabulela kuthotho lwemifanekiso ethatyathwe yiteleskopu ukusukela ngo-1995, ebizwa ngokuba yi "deep field", izazi ngeenkwenkwezi ziye zakwazi "ukukhangela emva kwixesha", njengoko uDíaz esitsho, kwaye baqonde ukuba iminyele yayijongeka njani xa yayivela, ngokungathi yayikhona. indalo yonke yeefosili.
Omnye wemifanekiso, ebizwa ngokuba yi "Ultra Deep Field" kaHubble, yathathwa ngo-2012 kwaye yatyhila eyona galaksi ikude neyona midala yakha yabonwa. Ngenxa yomgama wayo nexesha eliwuthabathayo ukuze ukukhanya kwawo kufikelele kuthi, izazinzulu ziqikelela ukuba le mifanekiso yeminyele ekwindalo iphela ineminyaka emalunga nezigidi ezingama-800 kuphela ubudala.
Amandla amnyama angaqondakaliyo kunye nokwandiswa kwendawo yonke
Indalo yethu ikhula rhoqo, into eyaziwa ngokuba yi "Hubble constant." Ixesha elide, izazi ngendalo ziye zaphikisana enoba oku kwanda kuya kuthoba isantya okanye kuphele ngaxa lithile kwindalo iphela.
Nangona kunjalo, imifanekiso yeHubble ibonisa ukuba okwahlukileyo kuyenzeka ngokwenene. Ngokuqwalasela iinkwenkwezi ezidubula zithe gqolo zithe qelele, ezibizwa ngokuba yi<em>supernovae, kangangeebhiliyoni zeminyaka yokukhanya, iiteleskopu ziye zabonisa ukuba ummandla wendalo usanda ngokungenasiphelo nangomlinganiselo oqhubekayo.
Kufana nokubukela ukukhanya kwekhandlela, okukhona libonakala limnyama ilangatye, kokukhona ikhandlela lithe kratya. Isizathu salokhu kwanda rhoqo kubukho bento ebizwa ngokuba yi-dark energy, amandla angaqondakaliyo esazi kakhulu malunga nawo, kodwa iziphumo zayo ze-antigravity zibonakala.
Umcimbi omnyama
Into emnyama yenye imfihlelo enkulu yenzululwazi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko sikubonayo nesikubonayo, into emnyama sisakhiwo esinaba njengelaphu elingabonakaliyo phakathi kwezinto ezikwindalo iphela.
Nangona zingabonakali, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zisenokuyiphawula imiphumo yento emnyama ngokujonga indlela okonakala ngayo ukukhanya okudlula kwiminyele ekude. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba "yi-gravitational lensing.". I-Gravitational lensing ibonisa indlela ukukhanya okugoba ngayo xa kungqubana nezinto ezinkulu ezifana neminyele, kodwa izinto ezimnyama nazo zibangela ukuba ukukhanya "kugobe."
Umbono onamandla kaHubble ukwazile ukubona ezi lens zomxhuzulane ezijikeleze amaqela eminyele. Ngenxa yoku kugqwethwa kokukhanya okuboniswa nguHubble, izazi ngeenkwenkwezi zinokwenza izibalo kwaye zichaze indawo kunye nohlobo lwezinto ezibonakalayo nezingabonakaliyo ezenza ummandla ojongiweyo.
Umngxunya omnyama
Ngoncedo lukaHubble kunokuqinisekiswa ukuba phantse yonke iminyele inemingxuma emnyama kwiziko layo. I-telescope yakwazi ukubonisa imifanekiso yokuqala yerhasi ejikeleze umngxuma omnyama kwaye, ukusuka apho, ichaza ubunzima bayo kwaye iqonde ngcono indlela eyakhiwe ngayo.
Kwiiveki ezimbalwa ezidlulileyo, iphinde yafumanisa ngempumelelo umngxuma omnyama ophakathi, onzima ukufumana uhlobo. UHubble wakwazi ukubamba ubukho bayo kuba yabamba owona mzuzu inkwenkwezi isondele kakhulu kuyo yaginywa, isiganeko sezazi ngeenkwenkwezi xa sithelekiswa "nokubulala kwecosmic."
Imingxuma emnyama ephakathi yintsika elahlekileyo kwindalo yonke abaphandi kudala beyifuna.
Iintsika zeNdalo
Mhlawumbi owona mfanekiso udumileyo owakha wathathwa nguHubble, "IiNtsika zeNdalo" zathathwa okokuqala ngo-1995. Inqanaba leenkcukacha kwezi ntlobo zemifanekiso ayinakufezekiswa ngeeteleskopu ezisekelwe emhlabeni.
Lo mfanekiso ubonisa ummandla we-Eagle Nebula, ingingqi enkulu eyenza inkwenkwezi kwiminyaka engama-6.500 yokukhanya ukusuka eMhlabeni. "Iintsika zeNdalo" zibonisa izinto ezixineneyo ezingakhange zitshatyalaliswe yimitha, okusivumela ukuba sibone yonke igesi kunye nothuli olushiywe ludada esithubeni emva kokuzalwa kwezidalwa zasezulwini, ezifana neenkwenkwezi.
Imibala emfanekisweni igxininisa ukukhutshwa kwezinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali. Ioksijini iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, isulfure yiorenji, kwaye ihydrogen kunye nenitrogen ziluhlaza.
ubuso obungcangcazelayo
Ngo-2019, uHubble wathatha ifoto engaqhelekanga yento ekhangeleka ngathi yobuso basemzini ... kangangokuba iNASA yayikhupha njenge-Halloween wink. Nangona kunjalo, akukho nto ingaqhelekanga kulo mfanekiso. Eyona nto ibonakalayo kungquzulwano lwentloko phakathi kweminyele emibini. Amehlo, iimpumlo kunye nemilomo 'yabaphambukeli' zazenziwe ngeediski zothuli negesi ezidalwe yiminyele engqubanayo.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi unokufunda ngakumbi malunga nento efunyenwe yiteleskopu yeHubble.