La Umsebenzi we-radioactivity Yipropathi ukuba izinto ezithile zinokukhupha amandla ngokuzenzekelayo kwindalo esingqongileyo. Ihlala ibonakala njengamaqhekeza e-subatomic ngohlobo lwemitha ye-electromagnetic. Kuxhomekeka ekubeni ukuphi kwicandelo le-electromagnetic, inokuba yimitha ephezulu okanye ephantsi yokuhamba kwemitha. Esi sisenzeko esibangelwe kukungazinzi kwamandla enyukliya kwi-atomic nuclei.
Kule nqaku siza kukuxelela zonke iimpawu, iintlobo kunye nokubaluleka kwe-radioactivity.
Iimpawu eziphambili
I-nucleus engazinzanga engeyomitha ye-radioactive iyaqala ukubola. Ngexesha lokudodobala kukho ukukhutshwa kwe-radioactivity ide ifikelele kuzinzo lwamandla. Ukukhutshwa kwe-radioactive kungumxholo wamandla aphezulu, onika amandla aphezulu e-ionizing anokuchaphazela izinto eziyimpendulo kubo.
Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeradiactivity kuxhomekeke ekwamkelweni kwayo kunye neempawu zayo. Kwelinye icala, sinemisebe yendalo, yiyo loo nto ifunyanwa ngaphandle kongenelelo lomntu. Kwelinye icala, i-radioactivity eyenziweyo yile eveliswa ngongenelelo lomntu. Eyokuqala ihlala ifunyanwa ngokwendalo kwiirediyo. Okwesibini ngu ii-radioisotopes ezingezizo kunye nezinto ezinqabileyo. Uninzi lwee-radioisotop ezenzeka ngokwendalo azinabungozi kwaye zinokusetyenziswa kwicandelo lezonyango. Umzekelo, sinecarbon 14 kunye ne potassium 40. Ezi radioisotopes ziluncedo kukujonga izinto kunye nomhlaba.
Nangona i-radioactivity inezicelo ezininzi ebantwini, ikwanazo neziphumo ezinobungozi ezinokubangela ukufa. Ukuba idosi yemitha efunyanwa ngumntu iphezulu, amathuba okuphuhlisa ukuguquka okungafunekiyo okanye umhlaza anyuswe ngokungalinganiyo.
Umsebenzi we-radioactivity wendalo kunye nowenziweyo
Imitha yendalo yenziwe siseti yezinto ezinendalo engazinzanga ngokwendalo. Njengoko ii-nuclei zingazinzanga ngokupheleleyo ngamandla, ziyasasazeka ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zithintele ukusebenza kwe-radioactivity. Imelwe zizinto zomhlaba womhlaba, iatmosfera kunye nezo ziphuma esibhakabhakeni. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi zilandelayo: i-uranium-238, i-uranium-235, i-carbon-14, i-uranium-235, kunye ne-radon-222.
Kwelinye icala, sine-radioactivity eyenziweyo. Yenziwe liqela lezinto ezinemitha ye-radio ezenziwe kwiilebhu zophando ngabantu. Into eza kwenziwa kukuqhushumba izinto ezingasasazi imitha ezinee-nuclei ezinje nge-athomu ye-helium ukuze zikwazi ukuziguqula zibe ziisotopu ezinemitha yeathom. Izinto ezinemitha yeathom ezikwinzulu yomhlaba neziziswe kumphezulu yimisebenzi yezoqoqosho enje nge kukumba imigodi kunye neoyile. Zithathwa njengezingezizo kuba ngokwendalo azinakuba semhlabeni.
Uninzi lwe-radioactivity olwenziwe ngabantu lubangelwa zizinto ezinqabileyo kunye nezinto zokwenziwa. I-nuclei yezi zinto ithanda ukubola ngokukhawuleza ukuze ikwazi ukuvelisa ezinye izinto.
Iindidi zeradiactivity
Nje ukuba sahlule ukuba zeziphi iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ezikhoyo ezixhomekeke kwimvelaphi, siza kubona ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zeradiactivity ezikhoyo ezisekwe kwiimpawu zazo.
Imitha yeAlfa
Yintwana ekhupha i-nucleus engazinzanga. Zenziwe ziiproton ezimbini kunye nee-neutron ezimbini. Ke ngoko, i-alpha radiation ithathwa njenge-atom yeqhwa ehamba ze ngaphandle kokuba nee-elektroni. Ngenxa yobukho beeproton ezimbini kwi-nucleus ye-athomu, isuntswana le-alpha linikwe intlawulo elungileyo. Imitha yeAlfa ukuba ubonile kwaye waqinisekisa ukuba iphantsi kakhulu ingena kwaye imiswa ngokulula ephepheni. Ihlala inoluhlu oluncinci emoyeni. Eminye imizekelo yeeathom ekhupha imitha yealpha yiuranium-238 kunye ne-radium-226.
Imitha yeBeta
Olu hlobo lwemitha lubonisa ionizing kwaye lunoluhlu lomoya olimalunga nemitha enye. Inokumiswa ngephepha le-aluminium foil. Ngexesha lokubola kwe-radioactive, i-electron ikhutshwa kwipostitron. Zombini zinemvelaphi yenyukliya. Kungenxa yoko le nto kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezincinci zemitha ye-beta: i-beta + kunye ne-beta -. Okokuqala kubangelwa kukukhutshwa kwe-elektroniki yemvelaphi yenyukliya ngentlawulo elungileyo kunye neyesibini ekukhutsheni i-electron yemvelaphi yenyukliya kunye ne-neutron eguqula ibe yiproton.
Imitha yeGamma
Imitha yohlobo lwe-electromagnetic. Amandla anamandla kwaye angena ngaphakathi amiswa kuphela yiloo nto ikhokelayo. Amandla okungena avumela ukusetyenziswa kwawo ngohlobo lwe-cobalt-60 kunyango lomhlaza kwiindawo ezinzulu emzimbeni.
Ukukhupha i-neutron
Luhlobo lwe-radioactivity engasebenziyo emiswa ngamanzi ngokukodwa. Ukubaluleka kwale radiation kukuba iyakwazi ukuguqula izinto ezingasasazi imitha zibe zezinye.
Izicelo
Siza kubona ukuba loluphi uhlobo lwesicelo se-radioactivity kwicandelo lomntu.
Amayeza
Iisotopu ezisasazwa ngemitha zisetyenziselwa amayeza ngeenjongo zokunyanga kunye nokuqonda isifo. Uninzi lwazo lusebenza njengerhafu yokufumana isifo esithile kuba zineempawu ezifanayo neeathom zezinto ezingezizo ezisebenzisa imitha. Umzekelo, iodine-131 isetyenziselwa amayeza ukumisela ukuphuma kwentliziyo kunye nomthamo weplasma. Nangona kunjalo, esona sicelo sibaluleke kakhulu sombane we-radioactive kukwazi ukulinganisa umsebenzi wedlala lengqula. Kungenxa yokuba iihomoni ezithutha iodine ziyafumaneka kwi-thyroid gland.
Imisebenzi yenzululwazi kunye nezifundo
Izinto ezisasaza ngemitha zisetyenziselwa ukumisela izinto zeoyile kunye nomsi. Kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo zezinto zakudala, umsebenzi wekhabhon-14 usetyenziselwa ukumisela ubudala beefosili ezithile. Ndiyabulela kule isotope eyenzeka ngokwendalo kwiatmosfera, sinako ukuthandana kwaye sazi imbali yeplanethi yethu. Kwaye kunjalo le isotopu ifakwe kuphela zizidalwa eziphilayo.
Industria
Isetyenziselwa ukubulala iintsholongwane kwizinto zonyango, ukutya kunye nezikhongozeli eziqulathiweyo. Ingasetyenziselwa ukuqhubekeka kwamalaphu, ii-cookware ezingezizo ezokunamathela, ii-tracers ezinemitha ye-oyile yeemoto, ukupheliswa kweegesi eziyityhefu ezifana nesalfure dioxide kunye ne-nitrogen oxides, njl.
Ndiyathemba ukuba ngolu lwazi ungafunda ngakumbi malunga ne-radioactivity kunye neempawu zayo.